Research Paper
Koorosh Goudarzi
Abstract
A considerable amount of water condensate produced through the cooling coils of air conditioning systems is usually directed to municipal sewage systems and wasted along with the energy it contains. This energy can instead be utilized to increase the efficiency of air conditioning systems and refrigeration ...
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A considerable amount of water condensate produced through the cooling coils of air conditioning systems is usually directed to municipal sewage systems and wasted along with the energy it contains. This energy can instead be utilized to increase the efficiency of air conditioning systems and refrigeration systems in cold storage facilities, save energy consumption, reduce the carbon footprint, and also meet some of the water consumption needs. Since the choice of how to use condensate energy depends on its potential, i.e., the amount of collected water, this thermodynamics study estimates the amount of collected water and investigates the effects of various parameters such as ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), coil temperature, etc., on the amount of water produced. The research results indicate that RH and air flow rate over the cooling coil have the greatest impact on the amount of water produced.
Research Paper
Farhad Hajian; Hossein Monshizadeh Naeen
Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and the HEC-HMS models in assessing the impacts of climate change on runoff in the Kasilian catchment, northern Iran. Daily data from 2007 to 2021 were divided into calibration (2007–2018) ...
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This study evaluates the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and the HEC-HMS models in assessing the impacts of climate change on runoff in the Kasilian catchment, northern Iran. Daily data from 2007 to 2021 were divided into calibration (2007–2018) and validation (2018–2021) periods. The results indicate that GEP and ANN models surpassed the HEC-HMS model across all performance metrics, including RMSE and NSE, when applied individually. Furthermore, hybrid models, integrating HEC-HMS with GEP and HEC-HMS with ANN, exhibited superior performance compared to individual machine learning (ML) or HEC-HMS models. Input variables (temperature and rainfall) were generated using LARS-WG software, incorporating five climate models and the SSP585 scenario for future climate change studies. Additionally, these hybrid models were used to forecast runoff changes for the observed period (2007-2018) and future periods (2031-2050 and 2051-2070). The results show a rise in average annual precipitation, extreme precipitation events, and precipitation intensity, implying a higher likelihood of flooding and erosion in the future for the Kasilian Catchment and similar small catchments in north of Iran.
Research Paper
Saeed Imani; Yagob Dinpashoh; Esmaeil Asadi; Ahmad Fakheri Fard
Abstract
According to most opinions of researchers, an increase in the population creates many restrictions in relation to water supply in the cities. Because an increase in the population causes climate change, water consumption in the sewage sector, lack of water infrastructure and rising demand for food production. ...
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According to most opinions of researchers, an increase in the population creates many restrictions in relation to water supply in the cities. Because an increase in the population causes climate change, water consumption in the sewage sector, lack of water infrastructure and rising demand for food production. Therefore, accurate planning is needed to predict population numbers in the future years. Therefore, in this research, a specific mathematical equation is introduced for predicting the Tabriz population in the future and two linear and quadratic equations are introduced for water consumption demand. Also, this study indicated that Tabriz's population growth rate followed on an exponential model from 1956 to 1975. Nevertheless, from 1976, later for various reasons, the population growth pattern turned out to be a logistics function model. In addition, by using this method, it is possible to better plan for the future of this city in terms of water scarcity, water demand and consumption, and water security. The used method can be applied to other cities and regions to predict the population numbers and to assess water scarcity.
Research Paper
Nader Biglarijoo; Amin Shams
Abstract
Biological treatment methods are not practical when it comes to landfill leachate treatment. Fenton as a physiochemical pretreatment technique is used in this research to increase the BOD/COD ratio. Conventionally, the main purpose of Fenton reaction has been the removal of organic pollutants, but in ...
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Biological treatment methods are not practical when it comes to landfill leachate treatment. Fenton as a physiochemical pretreatment technique is used in this research to increase the BOD/COD ratio. Conventionally, the main purpose of Fenton reaction has been the removal of organic pollutants, but in this paper, two other factors including sludge to iron ratio (SIR) and organic removal to sludge ratio (ORSR) are examined to generate low amounts of sludge as well. For the design of the experimental procedure, central composite design was used to not only minimize the required tests, but also observe the interactions between factors. Therefore, pH, , dosage and reaction time were considered as critical parameters while COD removal rate, SIR, and ORSR were introduced as targets. In order to have a clearer understanding of the process, multivariate modeling was applied to three targets to provide better predictions of the reaction. According to the statistical results, models can acceptably predict the target responses with R2 above 0.95 and standard error and F-values were within suitable ranges. To reach high COD removal rates, the critical factors were and while for lower SIR and higher ORSR, the role of pH and were more significant. The reaction time was not a determining factor based on our observations for all three targets.
Research Paper
Jafar Chabokpour
Abstract
This paper focuses on the flow of water through rockfill porous media and brings out the effect of various parameters on hydraulic conductivity, friction factors, energy losses, drag coefficients, drag forces, and shear forces for such systems. Laboratory tests on rock materials with median diameters ...
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This paper focuses on the flow of water through rockfill porous media and brings out the effect of various parameters on hydraulic conductivity, friction factors, energy losses, drag coefficients, drag forces, and shear forces for such systems. Laboratory tests on rock materials with median diameters 1.1 cm and 1.8 cm and porosity of 42% and 47%, respectively, showed a nonlinear relationship between hydraulic gradient and pore velocity. The Reynolds numbers were always greater than 2000, thus fully justifying turbulent flow conditions. The obtained results showed that the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor ranged between approximately 0.8 and 0.2 with surfacing velocity. It was observed that energy losses were nonlinear to the Reynolds number; furthermore, they changed from 0.02 to 0.14 m along the media length. Drag coefficient was found to be an inverse of the Reynolds number with approximate values from 2.5 to 0.5. The shear forces along the water surface profile varied generally between 0.2 and 1.0 N/m² for all test runs, depending on the flow conditions and the media characteristics. Calculated hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.05 to 0.15 m/s and can be explained primarily by variations of the flow depth and changes to the particle size distribution along the channel. It is further found that variations of porosity and flow depth produce a perceivable effect on shear forces along the water surface profile within rockfill media. Vegetation on the bed and bank also influences the resistance owing to flow.
Research Paper
Mohammadsadegh Talebi
Abstract
One of the distinctive features of our Iran is the lack of water, which has affected the natural environment and economic-social structure. Indiscriminate exploitation of water sources and inefficient traditional irrigation systems have made the society face the challenge of water supply. Excessive extraction ...
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One of the distinctive features of our Iran is the lack of water, which has affected the natural environment and economic-social structure. Indiscriminate exploitation of water sources and inefficient traditional irrigation systems have made the society face the challenge of water supply. Excessive extraction of underground water has caused a drop in the water level in the alluvial aquifers and caused the water resources in hard formations to be taken into consideration. Therefore, karst water sources have gained special importance in many regions in recent years. In this regard, karst water resources have gained special importance in many regions in recent years. This research was conducted with the aim is investigating the quality of water resources in the karstic formation in Fars Namdan Desert. The research data consists of meteorological, hydrological, topographic and geological maps and statistics. In this research, quantitative and qualitative parameters are identified, and then, with ArcGIS software, maps are prepared and their location is examined and analyzed. The results show that in the studied area, magnesium index is between 0.2-6.96 mg/L, sodium between 0.037-3.87 mg/L, potassium (K) between 0.01-0.049 mg/L, total hardness between 77.86-497.4 mg/L. Electrical conductivity is between 208.1-1267.1 µm/cm, pH is between 6.8-8.6, chloride is between 0.15-8.9 mg/L, sulfate is between 0.064-3.2 mg/L and bicarbonate (HCO3) is between 1.8-4.49 mg/L. So the sources of this basin have favorable conditions for drinking water.
Research Paper
Elham Asrari; Afsane Saemian
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence of cancer, the consumption of anti-cancer or neoplastic drugs has increased significantly. These compounds are not removed during wastewater treatment with sufficient efficiency, they could be found in the groundwater. Oxidation is an efficient method for removing neoplastic ...
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Due to the increasing incidence of cancer, the consumption of anti-cancer or neoplastic drugs has increased significantly. These compounds are not removed during wastewater treatment with sufficient efficiency, they could be found in the groundwater. Oxidation is an efficient method for removing neoplastic drugs such as cyclophosphamide. The previous researchers could make use of a wide range of oxidants because of compiling the health protocols for the lowest risk of drug hazards. The purpose of this research is to remove cyclophosphamide residue in vomit contents, urine, or feces of patients through toilet sewage that merges with household sewage or municipal sewage. In this study, all experiments were done by the oxidation method of cyclophosphamide 10 mg/L with sodium hypochlorite and considering of effectiveness of pH changes and reaction time. It was shown that cyclophosphamide degradation has increased with increased concentration of sodium hypochlorite and reaction time at pH=9.8. The destructive 94.8% of cyclophosphamide was optimized by the concentration of 0.02 % sodium hypochlorite, pH=9.8, and a reaction time of 5 min. Also, the comparative results of drug removal in hospital wastewater with optimal concentration, pH, and time showed increasing of 4% reduction in cyclophosphamide drug removal (98.02%) compared to the test sample. The result of the research can be effective in removing cyclophosphamide by installing a dosing pump in the flush tank or toilet siphon of the oncology department.
Research Paper
Zahra Sarani; Ali Sardar Shahraki; Mahdi Safdari
Abstract
Agriculture is an important sector for economic development in any society and country, so the development of this sector can be a big leap toward economic development. However, this sector is suffering from frequent droughts with extensive socioeconomic dimensions. Sistan is an important agricultural ...
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Agriculture is an important sector for economic development in any society and country, so the development of this sector can be a big leap toward economic development. However, this sector is suffering from frequent droughts with extensive socioeconomic dimensions. Sistan is an important agricultural region in Iran where most people are employed in this sector. Nonetheless, the agricultural sector in this region is presently struggling with severe stress and crisis due to drought, which has had numerous risks in socioeconomic aspects. This research aims to deal with drought risk management in the agricultural sector considering its socioeconomic dimensions. In this respect, the most important dimensions and criteria of agricultural risk management were identified and prioritized based on the opinions of participants (including farmers and experts) using the fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with the Decision Support System (DSS) approach. Based on the results, the farmers put the production risk in priority with a weight of 0.8. But, based on the experts, the price risk has the highest weight of 0.8. In contrast, the legal risk (with a weight of 0.2) had the lowest rank from the perspective of the farmers, which is similar to the experts’ opinion. In addition to the legal risk, the human and social risks are also at lower ranks with a weight of 0.4. According to the farmers, the top priority option is crop insurance with a weight of 0.592163 whereas according to the experts, it is the low-water irrigation system with a weight of 0.637997.
Research Paper
Mohammad Mostafa Shabarang; Ebrahim Fataei; Ali Akbar Imani; Hooman Bahmanpour; Mohammed Shabani
Abstract
Different methods and indicators are employed to determine water quality. In this study, to assess the quality of the international Aras River, 16 parameters were analyzed at 19 stations with seasonal data collected over two years (2020 and 2021), and multivariate statistical analysis methods, including ...
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Different methods and indicators are employed to determine water quality. In this study, to assess the quality of the international Aras River, 16 parameters were analyzed at 19 stations with seasonal data collected over two years (2020 and 2021), and multivariate statistical analysis methods, including cluster analysis and factor analysis, were utilized. The cluster analysis results categorized the studied stations into four clusters based on quality. The primary parameters influencing the grouping of water quality at the stations were BOD, COD, and T. Coli in the first cluster; T. Coli and NO3 in the second cluster; TDS, EC, and Turbidity in the third cluster; and BOD, COD, TDS, EC, and Turb. in the fourth cluster, respectively. The principal component analysis and factor analysis results indicated that the first two components explained 86% of the total variance. In the first component, with an eigenvalue of 5.94, the most influential parameters in the qualitative classification of the stations included pH, DO, EC, T. Coli, NO3, and Hg. In the second component, with an eigenvalue of 2.72, the parameters BOD, COD, Turb., and As played the most significant role in creating quality differences among the stations. Therefore, based on the obtained results, it was revealed that the reason for qualitative changes at different stations is due to the entry of human pollutants from various urban, industrial, mining, and agricultural sources as well as erosion in the river basin. Therefore, given the high precision of the analytical methods used in the evaluation of the qualitative aspects of the studied river’s water, it can be acknowledged that multivariable methods such as cluster analysis and factor analysis, can confidently determine the water quality of rivers and significant parameters affecting their quality and identify pollutants in the management of river water quality.
Research Paper
Aref Kohzadi; Kamran Mohammadi; Afshin Eghbalzadeh
Abstract
Erosion of the river bed and the drop in its level exposes all protective structures to damage and increase the level of the downstream bed which makes the river wider and causes the land of around it faces the flood risk. Therefore, determination of hydraulic parameters including effective stresses ...
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Erosion of the river bed and the drop in its level exposes all protective structures to damage and increase the level of the downstream bed which makes the river wider and causes the land of around it faces the flood risk. Therefore, determination of hydraulic parameters including effective stresses are very important. In this research, after calibrating the HEC-RAS numerical model, hydraulic simulation of the river was performed and the bed stress conditions were calculated. Then, the areas of the river bed that are subject to erosion were investigated using methods of critical shear stress, RBS index and critical unit discharge. Finally, stabilization structures for erosion control of the river bed were designed to modify the areas exposed to erosion. A reach of Karun River was investigated. A total of 14 erodible areas were identified along the main channel of the river. For these areas, the ripe rape, check dam, protective geobag cover and drop structures were designed. The D50 of ripe rap was found to be 11.02 cm. Maynard's formula (1989) in the design of ripe rap is in good agreement with the real conditions. The height of check dams was considered to be 1.8 m and D65 was 89 cm for all sections. The number of check dams in each interval was determined between 0 and 5. Bags with a volume of 1540 cm3 filled with sand were designed as a geobag cover. The height of the drops was considered to be 1.5 m for all sections, and the depth of the end sill, the length of the stilling basin and the height of the drop overflow were in the range of 0.02-0.29, 3.21-6.45 and 0.26-0.43 m, respectively.
Research Paper
Saiede Sargol Hosseini; Hassan Heidari; Mohammad Eghbal Ghobadi; Iraj Nosratti
Abstract
Water shortage leads researchers and farmers to find new water resources. Water production from air vapor is a new idea. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of dew-irrigation on chickpea seed yield and physiological traits. The field experiment included three treatments (dew-irrigation, ...
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Water shortage leads researchers and farmers to find new water resources. Water production from air vapor is a new idea. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of dew-irrigation on chickpea seed yield and physiological traits. The field experiment included three treatments (dew-irrigation, conventional irrigation, and dryland farming). Irrigation treatments had no significant effect on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b, relative water content, seed yield and yield attributing traits, and morphological traits. The mean comparison showed that dew-irrigation had higher stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (FV/FM), and photosynthesis performance index compared to dryland farming (62, 16, and 245% increase, respectively). Conventional irrigation had a higher photosynthesis performance index compared to dryland farming. Some plant physiological traits such as stomatal conductance clearly showed the positive effect of dew-irrigation on plant growth. The study of different levels of energy for water production can be informative in the next experiments.
Review Paper
Sakineh Hargolzadeh; Soheila Kashanian; Maryam Nazari
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, legionella, Shigella and etc. can contaminate drinking water and lead to disease and even death. On the other hand, due to the ability of ...
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Pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, legionella, Shigella and etc. can contaminate drinking water and lead to disease and even death. On the other hand, due to the ability of antibiotics to prevent or treat bacterial infections, they have been used as the main method of infection treatment in humans and animals for the past two decades. The irresponsible use of these antibiotics is one of the most important reasons for the emergence of microbial resistance, which has become a global issue. Therefore, timely diagnosis of these pathogens is very important. the use of specialized personnel, machines, and tools in molecular methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are expensive, and traditional methods such as plate culture are time-consuming. Today, a variety of biosensors are reported to identify these bacteria, which are fast, accurate, and cost-effective. In this review, we described a number of important pathogenic bacteria and biosensors made to identify these pathogens.
