GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

Please prepare your manuscript according to JARWW's format. Failure to meet the JARWW standard format will result postpone or rejection by the journal office.

     JARWW's paper template

     Example of an appropriate Fig. and Table 

 INTRODUCTION

Types of papers

The editors make every effort to ensure that manuscripts are fairly and independently reviewed. Submissions which describe theory and its application to practice are welcome, as are those which illustrate the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. Manuscripts of applied studies which introduce an industrial problem and provide a practical solution are welcome. Reports of carefully executed experimental work which is deeply interpreted are also welcome.

Original papers - these should be complete and authoritative accounts of work, which has a special significance and must be presented clearly and concisely.

Review articles - these will normally be commissioned by one of the Co-Editors. Prospective authors of a review article should consult with either Editor to check the suitability of their topic and material before submitting their review.

Short communications - will be accepted for the early communication of important and original advances. Such accounts may be of a preliminary nature but should always be complete and should not exceed the equivalent of 3000 words, excluding figures and tables.

Submission declaration and verification

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder.  

Changes to authorship

This policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:

Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement (http://arww.razi.ac.ir/data/arww/news/Authorship request form.pdf). In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Manager will inform the Journal Editor of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.

After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement'. Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Author Agreement Form'  or a link to the online version of this agreement.

Articles are freely available to both subscribers and the wider public with permitted reuse

Language (usage and editing services)

Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors.

Submission

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.

Additonal information

Authors are required to submit a cover letter with each new submission to the journal. This cover letter should acknowledge that the author has consulted the Guide for Authors in preparing his or her submitted manuscript. The author must also confirm that he or she has prepared the manuscript in compliance with the Ethics in Publication.

PREPARATION

Language

All papers submitted to the journal should be written in good English. Authors for whom English is not their native language are encouraged to have their paper checked before submission for grammar and clarity.

It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the word processor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts.

Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text.

To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor.

Article structure

Subdivision - numbered sections

Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.

Introduction

State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.

Material and methods

Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.

Results and discussion

Results should be clear and concise. Discussion should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusions

The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.

Appendices

If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A1, A2, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A1-1), Eq. (A1-2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (A2-1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A1-1; Fig. A1-1, etc.

Essential title page information

• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid

abbreviations and formulae where possible.

• Author names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.

• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that phone numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.

• Present/permanent address.

If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

 Abstract

A concise and factual abstract is required. (An approximate maximum of 300 words should be observed.) The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.

Graphical abstract

A Graphical abstract is optional and should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership online. Authors must provide images that clearly represent the work described in the article. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a separate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files.

Keywords

Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

 Abbreviations

Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.

 Acknowledgements

Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).

 Math formulae

Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).

 Footnotes

Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.

Table footnotes

Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.

 Figures

Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

 Tables

Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

References

Citation in text

Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either 'Unpublished results' or 'Personal communication'. Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accepted for publication.

All references must be formatted according to the style of the Journal (Harvard style).

Harvard referencing guide:

https://www.librarydevelopment.group.shef.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.html

Book (with a single author)

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Bryman (2016) recommends... Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to... (Bryman, 2016).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Bryman, A. (2016) Social research methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Book (with two or more authors)
Book with two authors

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Wallace and Wolf (2006) found that... Globalization is a theory that has many concepts... (Wallace and Wolf, 2006).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Wallace, R. A. and Wolf, A. (2006) Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Book with three authors

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Greig, Taylor and MacKay (2013) found that... Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour... (Greig, Taylor and MacKay, 2013).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S)., Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3rd edn. London: Sage.

Book with four or more authors

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Begg et al. (2014) found that... The elasticity of demand demonstrates... (Begg et al., 2014).
In the bibliography/reference list
First Author Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (Year). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Begg, D.K.H. et al. (2014). Economics. 11th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.
Notes
• If there are two or three authors use “and” in between the names rather than “&”.
• For references with four or more authors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Book Chapter (in an edited book)
In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
He (1997) found that... The ethnic relations in China ...(He, 1997).
Zheng (1997) looked at the cultural influences... The culture of western business during the period...(Zheng, 1997).

In the bibliography/reference list
Chapter Author Surname, Initials. (Year) ‘Title of chapter’, in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title of book. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.
He, X. (1997) ‘The market economy and ethnic relations in China’, in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.
Zheng, X. (1997) ‘Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s’, in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.

Book – Edited

In the bibliography/reference list for one editor
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Ikeo, A. (ed.) (1997) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge.
In the bibliography/reference list for two editors
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Parker, R. and Aggleton, P. (eds.) (2007) Culture, society and sexuality: a reader. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
In the bibliography/reference list for three editors
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S)., Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Alcock, P., May, M. and Wright, S. (eds.) (2012) The student's companion to social policy. 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
In the bibliography/reference list for four or more editors
First Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ritchie, J. et al. (eds.) (2014) Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Sage
Notes
• If there are two or three editors use “and” in between the names rather than “&”.
• For references with four or more editors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Book – Electronic

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a printed book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Follow the guidance in the sections for print books:
• Book (with a single author)
• Book (with two or more authors)
• Book Chapter (in an edited book)
• Book - Edited

Conference Papers

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Galar et al. (2014) identified that the risks of... SMART risk assessments...(Galar et al., 2014)
Redknap (2004) questioned whether settlements in North Wales... The geographical location of Anglesey meant that...(Redknap, 2004).
Fujikami et al. (2015) identified that in order to improve Fast Device Discovery... Fast Device Discovery can be aided by...(Fujikami et al., 2015)

In the bibliography/reference list
Physical item
Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.
Galar, D. et al. (2014) 'SMART: integrating human safety risk assessment with Asset Integrity', Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013. Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer, pp. 37–59.
Redknap, M. (2004) 'Viking–age settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch', Land, sea and home, proceedings of a conference on Viking–period settlement. Cardiff, July 2001. Leeds: Manay Publishing, pp. 139–175.

Online/Electronic

Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference, Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Fujikami, S. et al. (2015) 'Fast device discovery for vehicle–to–pedestrian communication using wireless LAN', 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. pp. 35–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2015.7157943
Notes
• The name of the conference, in italics, should be used as the author if an individual author or corporate author cannot be identified.
• You don’t need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source.
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

Conference Poster

In the text
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Bazela, Grant and Tucker (2014) presented the poster... ...the poster shows the use of technology enhanced learning...(Bazela, Grant and Tucker, 2014).
Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld (2016) demonstrated the... ...the conference poster showed...(Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld, 2016).
In the bibliography/reference list
Physical item
Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference.
Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC. Sheffield, 23-25 April.

If accessed online (published in conference proceedings)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Kleinschmidt, T., Fuhr, O. and Wietfeld, C. (2016) 'Synchronised charging of electric vehicles with distant renewable energy resources' [Poster], 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). Columbus, OH, 8-10 December. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC.2016.7835983

If accessed online (via conference website)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC. Sheffield, 23-25 April. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/bazela-grant-tucker-poster (Accessed: 31 May 2017).
Notes
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

Conference Proceedings

In the bibliography/reference list
Physical item
Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher. Volume (if needed).
Dalpiaz, G. et al. (eds.) (2014) Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013. Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer.
Orman, W. and Valleau, M.J. (eds.) (2014). Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on language development. Boston, MA, 1-3 November 2013. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. Volume 2.

Online/Electronic

Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference. Place of conference, Date of conference. Volume (if needed). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2015) 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?asf_pun=7151874 (Accessed: 10 December 2015).
Notes
• The name of the conference, in italics, should be used as the author if an individual author, or corporate author cannot be identified.
• You don’t need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source.
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

Dataset

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2016) provided the statistics for... The statistics show that social divisions within the UK... (Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division, 2016)
NHS Digital (2015) provided the statistics for obesity, these show... The statistics show that physical activity...(NHS Digital, 2015)
Curwen (2021) conducted experiments to confirm whether synaesthesia... The data showed that synaesthesia for written musical keys...(Curwen, 2021)
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, Initials. OR Organisation (Year) 'Title of dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number or Version of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Curwen, C. (2021) 'Synaesthesia for reading written musical keys'. Version 3. Available at:

https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Synaesthesia_for_written_musical_keys/13140086 (Accessed 28 June 2021).
NHS Digital (2015) 'Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet, England'. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england (Accessed 23 January 2017).
Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) 'Annual Population Survey, April 2015-2016'. 6th edn. SN: 8003. doi: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8003-6

Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Vickers (2008) noted that the impact of technology has changed the way spaces within a library building are provided... Learning spaces and services provided are changing due to technological advances (Vickers, 2008)...
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.
Vickers, S. (2008) An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.

Journal Article – Print

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Austin (2009) argues that periodical conflict may be expected... It can be assumed that pickpocketing...(Austin, 2009)
In the bibliography, in the reference list
Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Journal title, Volume(Issue), Page range.
Austin, T. (2012) 'Takers keepers, losers weepers: theft as customary play in southern Philippines', Journal of Folklore Research, 49(3), pp. 263–284.
Notes
• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic)

What is a DOI?
If you are unsure if the article you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.
In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Dobson (2006) identified that the depiction... The stereotypical portrayal of cultures...(Dobson, 2006).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). doi:
Dobson, H. (2006) 'Mister Sparkle meets the 'Yakuza': depictions of Japan in The Simpsons', Journal of Popular Culture, 39(1), pp. 44–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x
Notes
• For a journal article with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the article.
• Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references, e.g. doi.
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number.
• Never put a full stop after a DOI or URL as it may be assumed that it is part of the DOI or URL and prevent it from working.
• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic)

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Ashby (1999) identified Zappa's style... The melodies in Zappa's work...(Ashby, 1999).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Ashby, A. (1999) 'Frank Zappa and the anti–fetishist orchestra', The Musical Quarterly, 83(4), pp. 557–606. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/742617 (Accessed: 8 April 2021).
Notes
• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article – Preprint (Ahead of Publication)

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Lichtenthaler (2016) demonstrated an innovation–based view... Complex relationships that appear in companies...(Lichtenthaler, 2016)
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of Article'. To be published in Title of journal (if stated), Volume(Issue) [Preprint]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Lichtenthaler, U. (2016) 'Towards an innovation–based perspective on company performance'. To be published in Management Decision, 54(1) [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/MD-05-2015-0161 (Accessed: 7 January 2016).
Notes
• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.

There may not be any information about which journal the article will be published in, so that part of the reference doesn't have to be included.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article with many authors

In some fields, such as medicine and physics, an article may have hundreds of authors, in such cases it may be impractical to list each one. You would reference as follows:
In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Abbott et al. (2016) observed gravitational waves... The first observation of a binary black hole merger included...(Abbott et al., 2016)
In the bibliography/reference list
Physical item
First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (Year) 'Title of article', Journal title, Volume(Issue), Page range.
Abbott, B.P. et al. (2016) 'Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger', Physical Review Letters, 116(6), 061102.
Online/Electronic
First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (Year) 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Aubert, B. et al. (2002) 'The BABAR detector', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 479(1), pp. 1-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02012-5
Notes
• For references with up to three authors, list all the authors in the reference list in the order they appear in the source. In some cases there may be a long list of authors (in medical and scientific papers). If this is the case you only need to include the first author followed by et al written in italics.
• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.

Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Thesis (PhD) – Print

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Wilson (2014) notes that whilst Rage Against the Machine signed with a major record label, their music still holds the intended meaning to the audience... Popular music is still relevant to society when it makes a political statement even though the artist may be signed to a major record label... (Wilson, 2014).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year) Title. Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.
Wilson, B. (2014) It sounds like revolution: the changing role of popular music within political resistance movements. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield

Thesis (PhD) – Electronic

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Tomlinson (2009) found that differing amounts of grip... Moisture can affect grip when examining...(Tomlinson, 2009)
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Tomlinson, S.E. (2009) Understanding the friction between human fingers and contacting surfaces. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield. Available at: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/150 (Accessed: 14 October 2015).

Translated Item

In the text
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Tolstoy (2008) explores the story of... Anna Karenina (Tolstoy, 2008) tells the story of...
Homer (1997) presents the tale... The Odyssey (Homer, 1997) demonstrates...
Dostoyevsky (2003) shows the dilemmas... The character of Raskolnikov...(Dostoyevsky, 2003).
In the bibliography/reference list
Physical item
Author Surname, Initials. (Date of publication) Title of item. Edition (if not the first). Translated from the (language) by (Translator(s) INITIAL(S) and Surname). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Homer (1997) The Odyssey. Translated by R. Fagles. Introduction and notes by B. Knox. New York: Penguin.
Tolstoy, L. (2008) Anna Karenina. Translated from the Russian by L. Maude and A. Maude. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

If accessed online

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Cite and reference books in an electronic format as you would for books in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available:
For an e-reader (e.g. Kindle)
If the page numbers of an ebook are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. The date that you downloaded it onto your electronic device is included at the end of the reference.

Author Surname, Initials. (Date of publication). Title of item. Edition (if needed). Translated from the (language) by (Translators full name). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).
Dostoyevsky, F. (2003) Crime and punishment. Rev. edn. Translated from the Russian by David McDuff. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Punishment-Penguin- Classics-Fyodor-Dostoyevsky-ebook/dp/B002RI936U/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded 30 April 2021).
Tolstoy, L. (2019). Anna Karenina. Translated from the Russian by Constance Garnett. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anna-Karenina-AmazonClassics-Leo- Tolstoy-ebook/dp/B07YWRTHMC/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).
Notes
• The year of publication is for that specific item, as there may be different translations of the same item available.
• You may not need to add the language the item is translated from, but include the language if appropriate.
• The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the book onto your device.

Unpublished item

In the bibliography/reference list
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Hall (2011) noted that the changes... ...the changes that occurred meant...(Hall, 2011).
In the bibliography/reference list
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). or Corporate author (Date) Title of item. Place of holding organisation: Holding organisation. Unpublished.
Hall, D. (2011) Making sense of changes. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Unpublished.

Website

If you are not citing specific information or a specific page from a website you do not need to create an in-text citation or a reference for it.
When mentioning a website within your text, provide the name of the website followed by the URL in parentheses, e.g.
Participants were surveyed using SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk).

Submission checklist

The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.

 Ensure that the following items are present:

One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details:

• E-mail address

• Full postal address

• Phone numbers

All necessary files have been uploaded, and contain:

• Keywords

• All figure captions

• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)

Further considerations

• Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar-checked'

• References are in the correct format for this journal

• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa.

Required files to be uploaded: Five essential files must be submitted through the manuscript submission system: 1. The main file of the manuscript (without the names of the authors); the manuscript should be prepared based on the template. 2. Title page in the mentioned format, 3. Authorship form (must include the title of the article and the name and surname of all authors and be signed by all authors), 4. Conflicts of Interest form (must be signed by the Corresponding Author and uploaded with the article file), and 5. Cover letter.

AFTER ACCEPTANCE

Proofs

Corresponding authors will receive proofs of their paper. (Authors will not receive proofs of Letters, in order to achieve rapid publication.) They are requested to return corrected proofs as soon as possible. No new material may be inserted in the text at the time of proof reading. A "note added in proof" will be accepted only if permission has been obtained from the Editor.