Research Paper
Bita Daneshparvar; Saeed Rasi Nezami; Atabak Feizi; Reza Aghlmand
Abstract
Zoning of flood hazards in a dam catchment plays an essential role in water resources planning and management. In the present study, nine lithogenic and anthropogenic parameters including slope, elevation, curve number, distance to river, rainfall, geology, soil texture, Normalized Difference Vegetation ...
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Zoning of flood hazards in a dam catchment plays an essential role in water resources planning and management. In the present study, nine lithogenic and anthropogenic parameters including slope, elevation, curve number, distance to river, rainfall, geology, soil texture, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land use are used to achieve a flood hazard map in downstream of Sabalan dam basin in Ardabil province, Iran. After categorizing the criteria, the layers were weighted by two multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods including analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and analytic network process (ANP). The results showed that among the factors affecting flood formation in the study basin by AHP method were the elevation and slope factors with the weights of 0.31 and 0.18 respectively, have the highest effect; however, curve number and distance to river factors with the weights of 0.04 and 0.02 have the lowest effect. Similarly, in the ANP method, the elevation and slope factors with the weights of 0.30 and 0.21 respectively, have the highest effect and the curve number and distance to river factors with the weights of 0.02 and 0.006 have the lowest impact on flood hazard potential in the study area. The results obtained in this study can be useful in achieving sustainable management of water resources.
Review Paper
Maryam Nazari; Zahra Mohebi
Abstract
Widespread use of pesticides and herbicides, and the contamination in river, lake and sea waters have been become a major environmental concern in recent years. A common example of such herbicides is atrazine and its derivatives, which have been widely used in recent years to control pests in agriculture ...
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Widespread use of pesticides and herbicides, and the contamination in river, lake and sea waters have been become a major environmental concern in recent years. A common example of such herbicides is atrazine and its derivatives, which have been widely used in recent years to control pests in agriculture and improve food production and meet the needs of the global population, which is increasing year by year. Most analytical methods are used to determine pesticides and herbicides in the environment which are usually highly reliable and sensitive, but they are often very complex and require advanced tools, and measurements should be performed directly in a lab. Atrazine electrochemical biosensors based on enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors are reviewed in this study. For atrazine detection by enzymatic biosensors, tyrosinase commonly is used. Phenols and atrazine are the substrates and inhibitor of this enzyme, respectively. These enzymatic biosensors are based on sensing of decreasing current in the presence of atrazine. Immunosensors based on the analyte size generally categorized into two detection methods including competitive and noncompetitive that both of them were used for atrazine detection. The several aptamer sequences were used for atrazine aptasensing that could detect it in nano and picomolar concentrations.
Research Paper
Babak Sanahmadi; Majeid Heydari; Saeed Gohari; Saeid Shabanlou
Abstract
In this paper, the flow in the vicinity of rectangular side orifices placed in main channels is estimated by means of the FLOW-3D model. To reconstruct the flow free surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) approach is utilized. In addition, the standard k-ε and RNG k-ε turbulence models are ...
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In this paper, the flow in the vicinity of rectangular side orifices placed in main channels is estimated by means of the FLOW-3D model. To reconstruct the flow free surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) approach is utilized. In addition, the standard k-ε and RNG k-ε turbulence models are employed to predict turbulence flow. According to the results obtained from the numerical modeling, the RNG k-ε turbulence model has higher accuracy than the standard k-ε. The analysis of the numerical modeling results proved that this model forecasts the discharge coefficient of side weirs with suitable accuracy. On the other hand, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) is calculated equal to 12.204%. Also, the maximum pressure is simulated near the main channel bed. Moreover, the minimum pressure is estimated near the flow free surface. Regarding the numerical simulations, the maximum turbulence energy state occurs near the inlet of the side orifice and by increasing the side orifice dimensions the flow field turbulence energy value increases.
Research Paper
Mohammad Yousefi; Ehsan Jabbari; Mehdi Sedighi
Abstract
Water shortages and pollution are so severe that the last decade has been called the international decade for water. In water treatment plants, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove turbidity. This study examined the use of naturalcoagulants and its efficiency compared with existing coagulants. ...
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Water shortages and pollution are so severe that the last decade has been called the international decade for water. In water treatment plants, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove turbidity. This study examined the use of naturalcoagulants and its efficiency compared with existing coagulants. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiments. Type of coagulant and coagulant aid, as well as pH, were considered important factors during experiments. Results of the tests indicate that pH has a significant impact on turbidity removal. The combination of chitosan and polyaluminum chlirode reduces water turbidity effectively. A combination of polyaluminum chlirode (7.6 mg/L) and chitosan (9.28 mg/L) at pH= 8.52 removed 99.85 % of the turbidity. Accordingly, the combined use of polyaluminum chlirode and chitosan reduced the amount of material and enhanced turbidity removal.
Research Paper
Shoukat Ali Shah
Abstract
Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) counted as the main factor for assessing the amount of water, needed for crops as well as for the planning of water resources management. Several techniques, methods, and equations have been used for computing ETo. Thus, required weather data sets are the main challenge ...
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Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) counted as the main factor for assessing the amount of water, needed for crops as well as for the planning of water resources management. Several techniques, methods, and equations have been used for computing ETo. Thus, required weather data sets are the main challenge for evaluating this factor. FAO Penman-Monteith is the most popular technique to determine the ETo. The FAO 56-PM equation requires accurate weather data like air temperature, humidity, solar radiations, and wind speed. Unfortunately, not all these data are possible to reach easily on the station's side. Therefore, FAO 56 recommended another equation namely Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation when sufficient weather data may not be available to estimate ETo by FAO56-PM. In the context of this, this study aimed to estimate ETo using the HS equation. For this purpose, historical annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and wind data were collected from 1981 to 2020 using ‘The Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER)’ web portal. It is concluded that the HS method in conjunction with the POWER datasets and spatially mapping with IDW interpolation gave reliable and accurate results of ETo. This technique gives an idea of water losses in a district and demonstrates a trend of historical annual, seasonal, and monthly ETo.
