Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2022.7264.1234
Abstract
Water shortages and pollution are so severe that the last decade has been called the international decade for water. In water treatment plants, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove turbidity. This study examined the use of natural
coagulants and its efficiency compared with existing coagulants. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiments. Type of coagulant and coagulant aid, as well as pH, were considered important factors during experiments. Results of the tests indicate that pH has a significant impact on turbidity removal. The combination of chitosan and polyaluminum chlirode reduces water turbidity effectively. A combination of polyaluminum chlirode (7.6 mg/L) and chitosan (9.28 mg/L) at pH= 8.52 removed 99.85 % of the turbidity. Accordingly, the combined use of polyaluminum chlirode and chitosan reduced the amount of material and enhanced turbidity removal.
Keywords
Abdolmohammad-Zadeh H., Naseri A., Galeh-Assadi M., Shabkhizan S., Optimization of solid-phase extraction based on a new sol-gel material using a response surface methodology for the determination of copper in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 93 (2013),. 279-297.
Al-Juboori R.A., Yusaf T., Aravinthan V., Bowtell L., Investigating natural organic carbon removal and structural alteration induced by pulsed ultrasound, Science of the Total Environment 541 (2016),. 1019-1030.
Alimohammadi V., Maghfouri M., Nourmohammadi D., Azarsa P., Gupta R., Saberian M., Stormwater Runoff Treatment Using Pervious Concrete Modified with Various Nanomaterials: A Comprehensive Review, Sustainability 13 (2021) 8552.
Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Reduction of TDS in water by using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and optimizing with response surface methodology, Journal of Environmental Engineering 144 (2018) 04017114.
Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Jabbari E., Nasrollahzadeh M., Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube; optimization by response surface methodology, Desalination and Water Treatment 82 (2017) 271-281.
Aziz S.B., Abdullah O.G., Rasheed M.A., Ahmed H.M., Effect of high salt concentration (HSC) on structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of chitosan based solid polymer electrolytes, Polymers 9 (2017) 1-19.
Aziz S.B., Abidin Z.H.Z., Electrical conduction mechanism in solid polymer electrolytes: new concepts to arrhenius equation, Journal of Soft Matter 180 (2013) 1-9.
Belamie E., Domard A., Chanzy H., Giraud-Guille M.-M., Spherulitic crystallization of chitosan oligomers, Langmuir 15 (1999) 1549-1555.
Cheng W.P., Chi F.H., Li C.C., Yu R.F., A study on the removal of organic substances from low-turbidity and low-alkalinity water with metal-polysilicate coagulants, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 312 (2008) 238-244.
Choy S., Prasad K., Wu T., Ramanan R., A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plant-based natural coagulants in water clarification, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12 (2015) 367-390.
Choy S.Y., Prasad K.M.N., Wu T.Y., Raghunandan M.E., Ramanan R.N., Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification, Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 (2014) 2178-2189.
Dos Santos J.E., Dockal E.R., Cavalheiro É.T., Synthesis and characterization of Schiff bases from chitosan and salicylaldehyde derivatives, Carbohydrate polymers 60 (2005) 277-282.
Hu C.-Y., Lo S.-L., Chang C.-L., Chen F.-L., Wu Y.-D., Ma J.-l., Treatment of highly turbid water using chitosan and aluminum salts, Separation and Purification Technology 104 (2013) 322-326.
Hu W., Wu C., Enhanced coagulation for improving coagulation performance and reducing residual aluminum combining polyaluminum chloride with diatomite, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 (2016) 498-503.
Huang X., Sun S., Gao B., Yue Q., Wang Y., Li Q., Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment, Journal of Environmental Sciences 30 (2015) 215-222.
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Lei G., Ma J., Guan X., Song A., Cui Y., Effect of basicity on coagulation performance of polyferric chloride applied in eutrophicated raw water, Desalination 247 (2009) 518-529.
McCurdy K., Carlson K., Gregory D., Floc morphology and cyclic shearing recovery: comparison of alum and polyaluminum chloride coagulants, Water Research 38 (2004) 486-494.
Mohammadi M., Dadvar M., Dabir B., Application of response surface methodology for optimization of the stability of asphaltene particles in crude oil by TiO2/SiO2 nanofluids under static and dynamic conditions, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 39 (2018) 431- 442.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Alimohammadi V., Modeling and optimization of Nitrate and total Iron removal from wastewater by TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites, International Journal of Nano Dimension 10 (2019) 195-208.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Ghasemi M., Systematic investigation of simultaneous removal of phosphate/nitrate from water using Ag/rGO nanocomposite: Development, characterization, performance and mechanism, Research on Chemical Intermediates 47 (2021) 1377-1395.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Natarajan R., Hassan S.H.A., Ghasemi M., Microbial fuel cell for oilfield produced water treatment and reuse: Modelling and process optimization, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38 (2021) 72-80.
Naveed T., Ahmed N., Bhutto S., Tunyo N., Hashmi D.R., A sustainable solution to treat textile effluent by employing combined coagulation, oxidation and ultrafiltration techniques, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 8 (2021) 66-70.
Ng M., Liu S., Chow C.W., Drikas M., Amal R., Lim M., Understanding effects of water characteristics on natural organic matter treatability by PACl and a novel PACl-chitosan coagulants, Journal of Hazardous Materials 263 (2013) 718-725.
Al-Juboori R.A., Yusaf T., Aravinthan V., Bowtell L., Investigating natural organic carbon removal and structural alteration induced by pulsed ultrasound, Science of the Total Environment 541 (2016),. 1019-1030.
Alimohammadi V., Maghfouri M., Nourmohammadi D., Azarsa P., Gupta R., Saberian M., Stormwater Runoff Treatment Using Pervious Concrete Modified with Various Nanomaterials: A Comprehensive Review, Sustainability 13 (2021) 8552.
Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Reduction of TDS in water by using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and optimizing with response surface methodology, Journal of Environmental Engineering 144 (2018) 04017114.
Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Jabbari E., Nasrollahzadeh M., Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube; optimization by response surface methodology, Desalination and Water Treatment 82 (2017) 271-281.
Aziz S.B., Abdullah O.G., Rasheed M.A., Ahmed H.M., Effect of high salt concentration (HSC) on structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of chitosan based solid polymer electrolytes, Polymers 9 (2017) 1-19.
Aziz S.B., Abidin Z.H.Z., Electrical conduction mechanism in solid polymer electrolytes: new concepts to arrhenius equation, Journal of Soft Matter 180 (2013) 1-9.
Belamie E., Domard A., Chanzy H., Giraud-Guille M.-M., Spherulitic crystallization of chitosan oligomers, Langmuir 15 (1999) 1549-1555.
Cheng W.P., Chi F.H., Li C.C., Yu R.F., A study on the removal of organic substances from low-turbidity and low-alkalinity water with metal-polysilicate coagulants, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 312 (2008) 238-244.
Choy S., Prasad K., Wu T., Ramanan R., A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plant-based natural coagulants in water clarification, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12 (2015) 367-390.
Choy S.Y., Prasad K.M.N., Wu T.Y., Raghunandan M.E., Ramanan R.N., Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification, Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 (2014) 2178-2189.
Dos Santos J.E., Dockal E.R., Cavalheiro É.T., Synthesis and characterization of Schiff bases from chitosan and salicylaldehyde derivatives, Carbohydrate polymers 60 (2005) 277-282.
Hu C.-Y., Lo S.-L., Chang C.-L., Chen F.-L., Wu Y.-D., Ma J.-l., Treatment of highly turbid water using chitosan and aluminum salts, Separation and Purification Technology 104 (2013) 322-326.
Hu W., Wu C., Enhanced coagulation for improving coagulation performance and reducing residual aluminum combining polyaluminum chloride with diatomite, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 (2016) 498-503.
Huang X., Sun S., Gao B., Yue Q., Wang Y., Li Q., Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment, Journal of Environmental Sciences 30 (2015) 215-222.
Jiang J.-Q., Lloyd B., Progress in the development and use of ferrate (VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment, Water Research 36 (2002) 1397-1408.
Jiao R., Xu H., Xu W., Yang X., Wang D., Influence of coagulation mechanisms on the residual aluminum–The roles of coagulant species and MW of organic matter, Journal of Hazardous Materials 290 (2015) 16-25.
Kimura M., Matsui Y., Kondo K., Ishikawa T.B., Matsushita T., Shirasaki N., Minimizing residual aluminum concentration in treated water by tailoring properties of polyaluminum coagulants, Water Research 47 (2013) 2075-2084.
Lei G., Ma J., Guan X., Song A., Cui Y., Effect of basicity on coagulation performance of polyferric chloride applied in eutrophicated raw water, Desalination 247 (2009) 518-529.
McCurdy K., Carlson K., Gregory D., Floc morphology and cyclic shearing recovery: comparison of alum and polyaluminum chloride coagulants, Water Research 38 (2004) 486-494.
Mohammadi M., Dadvar M., Dabir B., Application of response surface methodology for optimization of the stability of asphaltene particles in crude oil by TiO2/SiO2 nanofluids under static and dynamic conditions, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 39 (2018) 431- 442.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Alimohammadi V., Modeling and optimization of Nitrate and total Iron removal from wastewater by TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites, International Journal of Nano Dimension 10 (2019) 195-208.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Ghasemi M., Systematic investigation of simultaneous removal of phosphate/nitrate from water using Ag/rGO nanocomposite: Development, characterization, performance and mechanism, Research on Chemical Intermediates 47 (2021) 1377-1395.
Mohammadi M., Sedighi M., Natarajan R., Hassan S.H.A., Ghasemi M., Microbial fuel cell for oilfield produced water treatment and reuse: Modelling and process optimization, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38 (2021) 72-80.
Naveed T., Ahmed N., Bhutto S., Tunyo N., Hashmi D.R., A sustainable solution to treat textile effluent by employing combined coagulation, oxidation and ultrafiltration techniques, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 8 (2021) 66-70.
Ng M., Liu S., Chow C.W., Drikas M., Amal R., Lim M., Understanding effects of water characteristics on natural organic matter treatability by PACl and a novel PACl-chitosan coagulants, Journal of Hazardous Materials 263 (2013) 718-725.
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Sakkayawong N., Thiravetyan P., Nakbanpote W., Adsorption mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chitosan, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286 (2005) 36-42.
Samari M., Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Jafarzadeh M., Gholami F., Oily wastewater treatment using modified microfiltration membrane, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 7 (2020) 97-101.
Sedighi M., Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Farahani Fard S., Sludge-based activated carbon for removal of Cadmium in the water resource; Financial feasibility, Journal of Hydraulic Structures 6 (2020) 47-59.
Sedighi M., Aljlil S.A., Alsubei M.D., Ghasemi M., Mohammadi M., Performance optimisation of microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and sustainable clean energy generation using response surface methodology, Alexandria Engineering Journal 57 (2018) 4243-4253.
Sedighi M., Mohammadi M., Application of green novel NiO/ZSM-5 for removal of lead and mercury ions from aqueous solution: investigation of adsorption parameters, Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology 3 (2018) 301-310.
Setareh P., Khezri S.M., Hossaini H., Pirsaheb M., Coupling effect of ozone/ultrasound with coagulation for improving NOM and turbidity removal from surface water, Journal of Water Process Engineering 37 (2020) 101340.
Shahveh S., Sedighi M., Mohammadi M., A Novel Application of Combined Biological and Physical Method for Nitrate and Nitrite Removal from Water, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 22 (2020) 183-192.
Shamshiri A., Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Jabbari E., Mohammadi M., Enhanced removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solution using novel modified natural clinoptilolite nanoparticles: process optimization and assessment, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry(2020) 1-20.
Shirasaki N., Matsushita T., Matsui Y., Oshiba A., Marubayashi T., Sato S., Improved virus removal by high-basicity polyaluminum coagulants compared to commercially available aluminum-based coagulants, Water Research 48 (2014) 375-386.
Sillanpää M., Ncibi M.C., Matilainen A., Vepsäläinen M., Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review, Chemosphere 190 (2018) 54-71.
Tran N.V.N., Yu Q.J., Nguyen T.P., Wang S.-L., Coagulation of chitin production wastewater from shrimp scraps with by-product chitosan and chemical coagulants, Polymers 12 (2020) 2-17.
Wu Z., Zhang X., Pang J., Li J., Li J., Zhang P., High-poly-aluminum chloride sulfate coagulants and their coagulation performances for removal of humic acid, RSC Advances 12 (2020) 55-62.
Nouri M., Sedighi M., Ghasemi M., Mohammadi M., Evaluation of solvent dearomatization effect in heavy feedstock thermal cracking to light olefin: An optimization study, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 30 (2013) 1700-1709.
Oulad F., Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Derakhshan A.A., Purification performance evaluation of licorice aqueous solution using modified nanofiltration membranes, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 5 (2018) 431-434.
Rao L.N., Coagulation and flocculation of industrial wastewater by chitosan, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (2015) 257870.
Renault F., Sancey B., Badot P.-M., Crini G., Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes–an eco-friendly approach, European Polymer Journal 45 (2009) 1337-1348.
Roussy J., Van Vooren M., Dempsey B.A., Guibal E., Influence of chitosan characteristics on the coagulation and the flocculation of bentonite suspensions, Water Research 39 (2005) 3247-3258.
Sahoo D., Sahoo S., Mohanty P., Sasmal S., Nayak P., Chitosan: a new versatile bio-polymer for various applications, Designed Monomers and Polymers 12 (2009) 377-404.
Sakkayawong N., Thiravetyan P., Nakbanpote W., Adsorption mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chitosan, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286 (2005) 36-42.
Samari M., Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Jafarzadeh M., Gholami F., Oily wastewater treatment using modified microfiltration membrane, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 7 (2020) 97-101.
Sedighi M., Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Farahani Fard S., Sludge-based activated carbon for removal of Cadmium in the water resource; Financial feasibility, Journal of Hydraulic Structures 6 (2020) 47-59.
Sedighi M., Aljlil S.A., Alsubei M.D., Ghasemi M., Mohammadi M., Performance optimisation of microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and sustainable clean energy generation using response surface methodology, Alexandria Engineering Journal 57 (2018) 4243-4253.
Sedighi M., Mohammadi M., Application of green novel NiO/ZSM-5 for removal of lead and mercury ions from aqueous solution: investigation of adsorption parameters, Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology 3 (2018) 301-310.
Setareh P., Khezri S.M., Hossaini H., Pirsaheb M., Coupling effect of ozone/ultrasound with coagulation for improving NOM and turbidity removal from surface water, Journal of Water Process Engineering 37 (2020) 101340.
Shahveh S., Sedighi M., Mohammadi M., A Novel Application of Combined Biological and Physical Method for Nitrate and Nitrite Removal from Water, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 22 (2020) 183-192.
Shamshiri A., Alimohammadi V., Sedighi M., Jabbari E., Mohammadi M., Enhanced removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solution using novel modified natural clinoptilolite nanoparticles: process optimization and assessment, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry(2020) 1-20.
Shirasaki N., Matsushita T., Matsui Y., Oshiba A., Marubayashi T., Sato S., Improved virus removal by high-basicity polyaluminum coagulants compared to commercially available aluminum-based coagulants, Water Research 48 (2014) 375-386.
Sillanpää M., Ncibi M.C., Matilainen A., Vepsäläinen M., Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review, Chemosphere 190 (2018) 54-71.
Tran N.V.N., Yu Q.J., Nguyen T.P., Wang S.-L., Coagulation of chitin production wastewater from shrimp scraps with by-product chitosan and chemical coagulants, Polymers 12 (2020) 2-17.
Wu Z., Zhang X., Pang J., Li J., Li J., Zhang P., High-poly-aluminum chloride sulfate coagulants and their coagulation performances for removal of humic acid, RSC Advances 12 (2020) 55-62.
Varma R., and Sugumar V., Extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan from horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, ACS omega 32 (2020) 20224-20230.
Xiao F., Huang J.-C.H., Zhang B.-j., Cui C.-w., Effects of low temperature on coagulation kinetics and floc surface morphology using alum, Desalination 237 (2009) 201-213.
Xiao F., Ma J., Yi P., Huang J.-C.H., Effects of low temperature on coagulation of kaolinite suspensions, Water Research 42 (2008) 2983-2992.
Yan M., Wang D., Qu J., Ni J., Chow C.W., Enhanced coagulation for high alkalinity and micro-polluted water: the third way through coagulant optimization, Water Research 42 (2008) 2278-2286.
Yan M., Wang D., Yu J., Ni J., Edwards M., Qu J., Enhanced coagulation with polyaluminum chlorides: role of pH/alkalinity and speciation, Chemosphere 71 (2008) 1665-1673.
Yang Z., Gao B., Cao B., Xu W., Yue Q., Effect of OH−/Al3+ ratio on the coagulation behavior and residual aluminum speciation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in surface water treatment, Separation and Purification Technology 80 (2011) 59-66.
Yu J., Wang D., Yan M., Ye C., Yang M., Ge X., Optimized coagulation of high alkalinity, low temperature and particle water: pH adjustment and polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131 (2007) 377-386.
Zhang M., Xiao F., Xu X., Wang D., Novel ferromagnetic nanoparticle composited PACls and their coagulation characteristics, Water Research 46 (2012) 127-135.
Zhang Z., Jing R., He S., Qian J., Zhang K., Ma G., Chang X., Zhang M., Li Y., Coagulation of low temperature and low turbidity water: adjusting basicity of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and using chitosan as coagulant aid, Separation and Purification Technology 206 (2018) 131-139.
Xiao F., Huang J.-C.H., Zhang B.-j., Cui C.-w., Effects of low temperature on coagulation kinetics and floc surface morphology using alum, Desalination 237 (2009) 201-213.
Xiao F., Ma J., Yi P., Huang J.-C.H., Effects of low temperature on coagulation of kaolinite suspensions, Water Research 42 (2008) 2983-2992.
Yan M., Wang D., Qu J., Ni J., Chow C.W., Enhanced coagulation for high alkalinity and micro-polluted water: the third way through coagulant optimization, Water Research 42 (2008) 2278-2286.
Yan M., Wang D., Yu J., Ni J., Edwards M., Qu J., Enhanced coagulation with polyaluminum chlorides: role of pH/alkalinity and speciation, Chemosphere 71 (2008) 1665-1673.
Yang Z., Gao B., Cao B., Xu W., Yue Q., Effect of OH−/Al3+ ratio on the coagulation behavior and residual aluminum speciation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in surface water treatment, Separation and Purification Technology 80 (2011) 59-66.
Yu J., Wang D., Yan M., Ye C., Yang M., Ge X., Optimized coagulation of high alkalinity, low temperature and particle water: pH adjustment and polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131 (2007) 377-386.
Zhang M., Xiao F., Xu X., Wang D., Novel ferromagnetic nanoparticle composited PACls and their coagulation characteristics, Water Research 46 (2012) 127-135.
Zhang Z., Jing R., He S., Qian J., Zhang K., Ma G., Chang X., Zhang M., Li Y., Coagulation of low temperature and low turbidity water: adjusting basicity of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and using chitosan as coagulant aid, Separation and Purification Technology 206 (2018) 131-139.
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