Document Type : Review Paper
Authors
1 Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 2Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Abstract
Widespread use of pesticides and herbicides, and the contamination in river, lake and sea waters have been become a major environmental concern in recent years. A common example of such herbicides is atrazine and its derivatives, which have been widely used in recent years to control pests in agriculture and improve food production and meet the needs of the global population, which is increasing year by year. Most analytical methods are used to determine pesticides and herbicides in the environment which are usually highly reliable and sensitive, but they are often very complex and require advanced tools, and measurements should be performed directly in a lab. Atrazine electrochemical biosensors based on enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors are reviewed in this study. For atrazine detection by enzymatic biosensors, tyrosinase commonly is used. Phenols and atrazine are the substrates and inhibitor of this enzyme, respectively. These enzymatic biosensors are based on sensing of decreasing current in the presence of atrazine. Immunosensors based on the analyte size generally categorized into two detection methods including competitive and noncompetitive that both of them were used for atrazine detection. The several aptamer sequences were used for atrazine aptasensing that could detect it in nano and picomolar concentrations.
Keywords
Abdulelah S.A., Crile K.G., Almouseli A., Awali S., Tutwiler A.Y., Tien E.A., Manzo V.J., Hadeed M.N., Belanger R.M., Environmentally relevant atrazine exposures cause DNA damage in cells of the lateral antennules of crayfish (Faxonius virilis), Chemosphere 239 (2020) 124786-124792.
Abraham K.M., Roueinfar M., Ponce A.T., Lussier M.E., Benson D.B., Hong K.L., In vitro selection and characterization of a single-stranded DNA aptamer against the herbicide atrazine, ACS omega 3 (2018) 13576-13583.
Ahmad R.G. and Kumar V., Microorganism based biosensors to detect soil pollutants, Plant Archives 20 (2020) 2509-2516.
Andreou V.G. and Clonis Y.D., Novel fiber-optic biosensor based on immobilized glutathione S-transferase and sol–gel entrapped bromcresol green for the determination of atrazine, Analytica Chimica Acta 460 (2002) 151-161.
Anh T.M., Dzyadevych S.V., Van M.C., Renault N.J., Duc C.N., Chovelon J.-M., Conductometric tyrosinase biosensor for the detection of diuron, atrazine and its main metabolites, Talanta 63 (2004) 365-370.
Arduini F., Cinti S., Caratelli V., Amendola L., Palleschi G., Moscone D., Origami multiple paper-based electrochemical biosensors for pesticide detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 126 (2019) 346-354.
Attaallah R., Antonacci A., Mazzaracchio V., Moscone D., Palleschi G., Arduini F., Amine A., Scognamiglio V., Carbon black nanoparticles to sense algae oxygen evolution for herbicides detection: Atrazine as a case study, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 159 (2020) 112203-112210.
Bakirhan N.K., Topal B.D., Ozcelikay G., Karadurmus L., Ozkan S.A., Current advances in electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry (2020) 1-16.
Barceló D., Lacorte S., Marty J., Validation of an enzymatic biosensor with liquid chromatography for pesticide monitoring, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 14 (1995) 334-340.
Belkhamssa N., Justino C.I., Santos P.S., Cardoso S., Lopes I., Duarte A.C., Rocha-Santos T., Ksibi M., Label-free disposable immunosensor for detection of atrazine, Talanta 146 (2016) 430-434.
Braham Y., Barhoumi H., Maaref A., Urease capacitive biosensors using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for atrazine pesticide detection in environmental samples, Analytical Methods 5 (2013) 4898-4904.
Campanella L., Eremin S., Lelo D., Martini E., Tomassetti M., Reliable new immunosensor for atrazine pesticide analysis, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 156 (2011) 50-62.
Cheng Y., Zhu L., Song W., Jiang C., Li B., Du Z., Wang J., Wang J., Li D., Zhang K., Combined effects of mulch film-derived microplastics and atrazine on oxidative stress and gene expression in earthworm (Eisenia fetida), Science of The Total Environment 746 (2020) 141280-141291.
de Albuquerque F.P., de Oliveira J.L., Moschini-Carlos V., Fraceto L.F., An overview of the potential impacts of atrazine in aquatic environments: Perspectives for tailored solutions based on nanotechnology, Science of The Total Environment 700 (2020) 134868-134877.
Durai L. and Badhulika S., Highly selective trace level detection of Atrazine in human blood samples using lead-free double perovskite Al2NiCoO5 modified electrode via differential pulse voltammetry, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 325 (2020) 128792-128801.
Fan L., Zhang C., Yan W., Guo Y., Shuang S., Dong C., Bi Y., Design of a facile and label-free electrochemical aptasensor for detection of atrazine, Talanta 201 (2019) 156-164.
Giannetto M., Umiltà E., Careri M., New competitive dendrimer-based and highly selective immunosensor for determination of atrazine in environmental, feed and food samples: The importance of antibody selectivity for discrimination among related triazinic metabolites, Analytica chimica acta 806 (2014) 197-203.
González-Techera A., Zon M.A., Molina P.G., Fernández H., González-Sapienza G., Arévalo F.J., Development of a highly sensitive noncompetitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of atrazine by phage anti-immunocomplex assay, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 64 (2015) 650-656.
Gothandam KM., Ranjan S., Dasgupta N., Lichtfouse E., Environmental biotechnology, International Publishing AG, Springer, Chem: Switzerland; (2020).
Goyal N., Bulasara V.K., Li G., Liu L., Rapid uptake of atrazine from aqueous phase by thermally activated MCM-41, Science of The Total Environment 753 (2020) 142091-142103.
Guan Y., Liu L., Chen C., Kang X., Xie Q., Effective immobilization of tyrosinase via enzyme catalytic polymerization of L-DOPA for highly sensitive phenol and atrazine sensing, Talanta 160 (2016) 125-132.
Gul I., Ahmad M.S., Naqvi S.S., Hussain A., Wali R., Farooqi A.A., Ahmed I., Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) based biosensors for detection of phenolic compounds: a review, Journal of applied biology and biotechnology 5 (2017) 72-85.
Hernandez-Vargas G., Sosa-Hernández J.E., Saldarriaga-Hernandez S., Villalba-Rodríguez A.M., Parra-Saldivar R., Iqbal H., Electrochemical biosensors: A solution to pollution detection with reference to environmental contaminants, Biosensors 8 (2018) 29-50.
Kaoutit M.E., Bouchta D., Zejli H., Izaoumen N., Temsamani K.R., A simple conducting polymer‐based biosensor for the detection of atrazine, Analytical letters 37 (2004) 1671-1681.
Kashem M., Kimoto K., Iribe Y., Suzuki M., Development of microalgae biosensor chip by incorporating microarray oxygen sensor for pesticides sensing, Biosensors 9 (2019) 133-144.
Kermani M., Sereshti H., Nikfarjam N., Application of a magnetic nanocomposite of cross-linked poly (styrene/divinylbenzene) as an adsorbent for the magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of atrazine in soil and aqueous samples, Analytical Methods 12 (2020) 1834-1844.
Kumar H., Kumari N., Sharma R., Nanocomposites (conducting polymer and nanoparticles) based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of environment pollutant: Its issues and challenges, Environmental Impact Assessment Review 85 (2020) 106438-106452.
Liu J., Zhou J.H., Guo Q.N., Ma L.Y., Yang H., Physiochemical assessment of environmental behaviors of herbicide atrazine in soils associated with its degradation and bioavailability to weeds, Chemosphere 262 (2020) 127830-127843.
Liu X., Li W.-J., Li L., Yang Y., Mao L.-G., Peng Z., A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles for direct detection of atrazine, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 191 (2014) 408-414.
Madianos L., Skotadis E., Tsekenis G., Patsiouras, L. Tsigkourakos M., Tsoukalas D., Ιmpedimetric nanoparticle aptasensor for selective and label free pesticide detection, Microelectronic Engineering 189 (2018a) 39-45.
Madianos L., Tsekenis G., Skotadis E., Patsiouras L., Tsoukalas D.,. A highly sensitive impedimetric aptasensor for the selective detection of acetamiprid and atrazine based on microwires formed by platinum nanoparticles, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 101 (2018b) 268-274.
Majidi M.R., Asadpour‐Zeynali K., Gholizadeh S., Sol‐gel‐derived biosensor based on plant tissue: the inhibitory effect of atrazine on polyphenol oxidase activity for determination of atrazine, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 55 (2008) 522-528.
Martinazzo J., Muenchen D.K., Brezolin A.N., Cezaro A.M., Rigo A.A., Manzoli A., Hoehne L., Leite F.L., Steffens J., Steffens C., Cantilever nanobiosensor using tyrosinase to detect atrazine in liquid medium, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 53 (2018) 229-236.
Mazzei F., Botrè F., Lorenti G., Simonetti G., Scibona G., Botrè C., Plant tissue electrode for the determination of atrazine, Analytica chimica acta 316 (1995) 79-82.
McArdle F.A. and Persaud K.C., Development of an enzyme-based biosensor for atrazine detection, Analyst (1993) 118, 419-423.
Metz J.G., Pakrasi H.B., Seibert M., Arntzer C.J., Evidence for a dual function of the herbicide-binding D1 protein in photosystem II, FEBS letters 205 (1986) 269-274.
Nagarajan D., Varada O.M., Venkatanarasimhan S., Carbon dots coated on amine functionalized cellulose sponge for the adsorption of the toxic herbicide atrazine, Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 790-799.
Neamat‐Allah A.N., Abd El Hakim Y., Mahmoud E.A., Alleviating effects of β‐glucan in Oreochromis niloticus on growth performance, immune reactions, antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance to Aeromonas sobria caused by atrazine, Aquaculture Research 51 (2020) 1801-1812.
Nguyen H.H., Kim M., An overview of techniques in enzyme immobilization, Applied Science and Convergence Technology 26 (2017) 157-163.
Abraham K.M., Roueinfar M., Ponce A.T., Lussier M.E., Benson D.B., Hong K.L., In vitro selection and characterization of a single-stranded DNA aptamer against the herbicide atrazine, ACS omega 3 (2018) 13576-13583.
Ahmad R.G. and Kumar V., Microorganism based biosensors to detect soil pollutants, Plant Archives 20 (2020) 2509-2516.
Andreou V.G. and Clonis Y.D., Novel fiber-optic biosensor based on immobilized glutathione S-transferase and sol–gel entrapped bromcresol green for the determination of atrazine, Analytica Chimica Acta 460 (2002) 151-161.
Anh T.M., Dzyadevych S.V., Van M.C., Renault N.J., Duc C.N., Chovelon J.-M., Conductometric tyrosinase biosensor for the detection of diuron, atrazine and its main metabolites, Talanta 63 (2004) 365-370.
Arduini F., Cinti S., Caratelli V., Amendola L., Palleschi G., Moscone D., Origami multiple paper-based electrochemical biosensors for pesticide detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 126 (2019) 346-354.
Attaallah R., Antonacci A., Mazzaracchio V., Moscone D., Palleschi G., Arduini F., Amine A., Scognamiglio V., Carbon black nanoparticles to sense algae oxygen evolution for herbicides detection: Atrazine as a case study, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 159 (2020) 112203-112210.
Bakirhan N.K., Topal B.D., Ozcelikay G., Karadurmus L., Ozkan S.A., Current advances in electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry (2020) 1-16.
Barceló D., Lacorte S., Marty J., Validation of an enzymatic biosensor with liquid chromatography for pesticide monitoring, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 14 (1995) 334-340.
Belkhamssa N., Justino C.I., Santos P.S., Cardoso S., Lopes I., Duarte A.C., Rocha-Santos T., Ksibi M., Label-free disposable immunosensor for detection of atrazine, Talanta 146 (2016) 430-434.
Braham Y., Barhoumi H., Maaref A., Urease capacitive biosensors using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for atrazine pesticide detection in environmental samples, Analytical Methods 5 (2013) 4898-4904.
Campanella L., Eremin S., Lelo D., Martini E., Tomassetti M., Reliable new immunosensor for atrazine pesticide analysis, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 156 (2011) 50-62.
Cheng Y., Zhu L., Song W., Jiang C., Li B., Du Z., Wang J., Wang J., Li D., Zhang K., Combined effects of mulch film-derived microplastics and atrazine on oxidative stress and gene expression in earthworm (Eisenia fetida), Science of The Total Environment 746 (2020) 141280-141291.
de Albuquerque F.P., de Oliveira J.L., Moschini-Carlos V., Fraceto L.F., An overview of the potential impacts of atrazine in aquatic environments: Perspectives for tailored solutions based on nanotechnology, Science of The Total Environment 700 (2020) 134868-134877.
Durai L. and Badhulika S., Highly selective trace level detection of Atrazine in human blood samples using lead-free double perovskite Al2NiCoO5 modified electrode via differential pulse voltammetry, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 325 (2020) 128792-128801.
Fan L., Zhang C., Yan W., Guo Y., Shuang S., Dong C., Bi Y., Design of a facile and label-free electrochemical aptasensor for detection of atrazine, Talanta 201 (2019) 156-164.
Giannetto M., Umiltà E., Careri M., New competitive dendrimer-based and highly selective immunosensor for determination of atrazine in environmental, feed and food samples: The importance of antibody selectivity for discrimination among related triazinic metabolites, Analytica chimica acta 806 (2014) 197-203.
González-Techera A., Zon M.A., Molina P.G., Fernández H., González-Sapienza G., Arévalo F.J., Development of a highly sensitive noncompetitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of atrazine by phage anti-immunocomplex assay, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 64 (2015) 650-656.
Gothandam KM., Ranjan S., Dasgupta N., Lichtfouse E., Environmental biotechnology, International Publishing AG, Springer, Chem: Switzerland; (2020).
Goyal N., Bulasara V.K., Li G., Liu L., Rapid uptake of atrazine from aqueous phase by thermally activated MCM-41, Science of The Total Environment 753 (2020) 142091-142103.
Guan Y., Liu L., Chen C., Kang X., Xie Q., Effective immobilization of tyrosinase via enzyme catalytic polymerization of L-DOPA for highly sensitive phenol and atrazine sensing, Talanta 160 (2016) 125-132.
Gul I., Ahmad M.S., Naqvi S.S., Hussain A., Wali R., Farooqi A.A., Ahmed I., Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) based biosensors for detection of phenolic compounds: a review, Journal of applied biology and biotechnology 5 (2017) 72-85.
Hernandez-Vargas G., Sosa-Hernández J.E., Saldarriaga-Hernandez S., Villalba-Rodríguez A.M., Parra-Saldivar R., Iqbal H., Electrochemical biosensors: A solution to pollution detection with reference to environmental contaminants, Biosensors 8 (2018) 29-50.
Kaoutit M.E., Bouchta D., Zejli H., Izaoumen N., Temsamani K.R., A simple conducting polymer‐based biosensor for the detection of atrazine, Analytical letters 37 (2004) 1671-1681.
Kashem M., Kimoto K., Iribe Y., Suzuki M., Development of microalgae biosensor chip by incorporating microarray oxygen sensor for pesticides sensing, Biosensors 9 (2019) 133-144.
Kermani M., Sereshti H., Nikfarjam N., Application of a magnetic nanocomposite of cross-linked poly (styrene/divinylbenzene) as an adsorbent for the magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of atrazine in soil and aqueous samples, Analytical Methods 12 (2020) 1834-1844.
Kumar H., Kumari N., Sharma R., Nanocomposites (conducting polymer and nanoparticles) based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of environment pollutant: Its issues and challenges, Environmental Impact Assessment Review 85 (2020) 106438-106452.
Liu J., Zhou J.H., Guo Q.N., Ma L.Y., Yang H., Physiochemical assessment of environmental behaviors of herbicide atrazine in soils associated with its degradation and bioavailability to weeds, Chemosphere 262 (2020) 127830-127843.
Liu X., Li W.-J., Li L., Yang Y., Mao L.-G., Peng Z., A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles for direct detection of atrazine, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 191 (2014) 408-414.
Madianos L., Skotadis E., Tsekenis G., Patsiouras, L. Tsigkourakos M., Tsoukalas D., Ιmpedimetric nanoparticle aptasensor for selective and label free pesticide detection, Microelectronic Engineering 189 (2018a) 39-45.
Madianos L., Tsekenis G., Skotadis E., Patsiouras L., Tsoukalas D.,. A highly sensitive impedimetric aptasensor for the selective detection of acetamiprid and atrazine based on microwires formed by platinum nanoparticles, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 101 (2018b) 268-274.
Majidi M.R., Asadpour‐Zeynali K., Gholizadeh S., Sol‐gel‐derived biosensor based on plant tissue: the inhibitory effect of atrazine on polyphenol oxidase activity for determination of atrazine, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 55 (2008) 522-528.
Martinazzo J., Muenchen D.K., Brezolin A.N., Cezaro A.M., Rigo A.A., Manzoli A., Hoehne L., Leite F.L., Steffens J., Steffens C., Cantilever nanobiosensor using tyrosinase to detect atrazine in liquid medium, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 53 (2018) 229-236.
Mazzei F., Botrè F., Lorenti G., Simonetti G., Scibona G., Botrè C., Plant tissue electrode for the determination of atrazine, Analytica chimica acta 316 (1995) 79-82.
McArdle F.A. and Persaud K.C., Development of an enzyme-based biosensor for atrazine detection, Analyst (1993) 118, 419-423.
Metz J.G., Pakrasi H.B., Seibert M., Arntzer C.J., Evidence for a dual function of the herbicide-binding D1 protein in photosystem II, FEBS letters 205 (1986) 269-274.
Nagarajan D., Varada O.M., Venkatanarasimhan S., Carbon dots coated on amine functionalized cellulose sponge for the adsorption of the toxic herbicide atrazine, Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 790-799.
Neamat‐Allah A.N., Abd El Hakim Y., Mahmoud E.A., Alleviating effects of β‐glucan in Oreochromis niloticus on growth performance, immune reactions, antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance to Aeromonas sobria caused by atrazine, Aquaculture Research 51 (2020) 1801-1812.
Nguyen H.H., Kim M., An overview of techniques in enzyme immobilization, Applied Science and Convergence Technology 26 (2017) 157-163.
Pooja D., Kumar P., Singh P., Patil S., Sensors in Water Pollutants Monitoring: Role of Material, Springer: Singapore; (2020).
Raymundo-Pereira P.A., Silva T.A., Caetano F.R., Riboviski L., Zapp E., Brondani D., Bergamini M.F., Junior L.H.M., Banks C.E., Oliveira Jr O.N., Polyphenol oxidase-based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta 1139 (2020) 198-221.
Riberi W.I., Zon M.A., Fernández H., Arévalo F.J., Impedimetric immunosensor to determine patulin in apple juices using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene oxide, Microchemical Journal 158 (2020) 105192-105199.
Roueinfar M., Abraham K.M., Hong K.L., In-solution molecular recognition comparison of aptamers against the herbicide atrazine, ACS omega 4 (2019) 16201-16208.
Salouti M. and Derakhshan F.K., Biosensors and nanobiosensors in environmental applications, biogenic nano-particles and their use in agro-ecosystems, Springer: Singapore; (2020).
Sarkar A., Sarkar K.D., Amrutha V., Dutta K., An overview of enzyme-based biosensors for environmental monitoring, Tools, Techniques and Protocols for Monitoring Environmental Contaminants, Elsevier, Academic Press: Netherlands; (2019) p. 307-329.
Sezgintürk M.K., Introduction to commercial biosensors, Commercial Biosensors and their Applications, Elsevier, Academic Press: Netherlands; (2020) p.1-28.
Shenoy A., Reddy C.M., Padma M.S., Niranjan V., Rao N.N., Evaluation of alternative bio-receptors for pesticide detection, Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20977-20980.
Singh A., Joshi Y., Singh M., Arora K., Anti-atrazine functionalized gold nano structures for environmental monitoring, Biosensors Journal 3 (2013) 105-113.
Sun C., Liu M., Sun H., Lu H., Zhao G., Immobilization-free photoelectrochemical aptasensor for environmental pollutants: Design, fabrication and mechanism, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 140 (2019) 111352-111359.
Supraja P., Singh V., Vanjari S.R.K., Singh S.G., Electrospun CNT embedded ZnO nanofiber based biosensor for electrochemical detection of Atrazine: a step closure to single molecule detection, Microsystems & Nanoengineering 6 (2020) 1-10.
Supraja P., Tripathy S., Vanjari S.R.K., Singh V., Singh S.G., Label free, electrochemical detection of atrazine using electrospun Mn2O3 nanofibers: Towards ultrasensitive small molecule detection, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 285 (2019) 317-325.
Suryan S.K., Biosensors: a tool for environmental monitoring and analysis, Advances in Environmental Biotechnology, Springer (2017) p. 265-288.
Tran H., Yougnia R., Reisberg S., Piro B., Serradji N., Nguyen T., Tran L., Dong C., Pham M., A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for direct, signal-on and sensitive pesticide detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 31 (2012) 62-68.
Tucci M., Bombelli P., Howe C.J., Vignolini S., Bocchi S., Schievano A., A storable mediatorless electrochemical biosensor for herbicide detection, Microorganisms 7 (2019) 630-644.
Valera E., Ramón-Azcón J., Rodríguez Á., Castañer L.M., Sánchez F.-J., Marco M.-P., Impedimetric immunosensor for atrazine detection using interdigitated μ-electrodes (IDμE's), Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 125 (2007) 526-537.
Valera E., Ramón-Azcón J., Sanchez F.-J., Marco M.-P., Rodríguez Á., Conductimetric immunosensor for atrazine detection based on antibodies labelled with gold nanoparticles, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 134 (2008) 95-103.
Verma M.L. and Rani V., Biosensors for toxic metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, biological oxygen demand, endocrine disruptors, hormones, dioxin, phenolic and organophosphorus compounds: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 (2021) 1657-1666.
Vidal J.C., Bonel L., Castillo J.R., A modulated tyrosinase enzyme‐based biosensor for application to the detection of dichlorvos and atrazine pesticides, Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis 20 (2008) 865-873.
Vohra T., Grover H., Saxena S., Verma D.K., Rameshwari R., A review on nanoparticles based biosensors for pesticide detection in water, Importance & Applications of Nanotechnology (2020) 1-9.
Wang Y., Sun H., Liu M., Lu H., Zhao G., A novel self-powered aptasensor for environmental pollutants detection based on simple and efficient enzymatic biofuel cell, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 305 (2020) 127468-127477.
Wilski S., Johanningmeier U., Hertel S., Oettmeier W., Herbicide binding in various mutants of the photosystem II D1 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 84 (2006) 157-164.
Yang L. and Zhang Y., Effects of atrazine and its two major derivatives on the photosynthetic physiology and carbon sequestration potential of a marine diatom, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 205 (2020) 111359-111366.
Yu Z., Zhao G., Liu M., Lei Y., Li M., Fabrication of a novel atrazine biosensor and its subpart-per-trillion levels sensitive performance, Environmental science & technology 44 (2010) 7878-7883.
Zacco E., Galvé R., Marco M.P., Alegret S., Pividori M.I., Electrochemical biosensing of pesticide residues based on affinity biocomposite platforms, Biosensors and bioelectronics 22 (2007) 1707-1715.
Raymundo-Pereira P.A., Silva T.A., Caetano F.R., Riboviski L., Zapp E., Brondani D., Bergamini M.F., Junior L.H.M., Banks C.E., Oliveira Jr O.N., Polyphenol oxidase-based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta 1139 (2020) 198-221.
Riberi W.I., Zon M.A., Fernández H., Arévalo F.J., Impedimetric immunosensor to determine patulin in apple juices using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene oxide, Microchemical Journal 158 (2020) 105192-105199.
Roueinfar M., Abraham K.M., Hong K.L., In-solution molecular recognition comparison of aptamers against the herbicide atrazine, ACS omega 4 (2019) 16201-16208.
Salouti M. and Derakhshan F.K., Biosensors and nanobiosensors in environmental applications, biogenic nano-particles and their use in agro-ecosystems, Springer: Singapore; (2020).
Sarkar A., Sarkar K.D., Amrutha V., Dutta K., An overview of enzyme-based biosensors for environmental monitoring, Tools, Techniques and Protocols for Monitoring Environmental Contaminants, Elsevier, Academic Press: Netherlands; (2019) p. 307-329.
Sezgintürk M.K., Introduction to commercial biosensors, Commercial Biosensors and their Applications, Elsevier, Academic Press: Netherlands; (2020) p.1-28.
Shenoy A., Reddy C.M., Padma M.S., Niranjan V., Rao N.N., Evaluation of alternative bio-receptors for pesticide detection, Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 20977-20980.
Singh A., Joshi Y., Singh M., Arora K., Anti-atrazine functionalized gold nano structures for environmental monitoring, Biosensors Journal 3 (2013) 105-113.
Sun C., Liu M., Sun H., Lu H., Zhao G., Immobilization-free photoelectrochemical aptasensor for environmental pollutants: Design, fabrication and mechanism, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 140 (2019) 111352-111359.
Supraja P., Singh V., Vanjari S.R.K., Singh S.G., Electrospun CNT embedded ZnO nanofiber based biosensor for electrochemical detection of Atrazine: a step closure to single molecule detection, Microsystems & Nanoengineering 6 (2020) 1-10.
Supraja P., Tripathy S., Vanjari S.R.K., Singh V., Singh S.G., Label free, electrochemical detection of atrazine using electrospun Mn2O3 nanofibers: Towards ultrasensitive small molecule detection, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 285 (2019) 317-325.
Suryan S.K., Biosensors: a tool for environmental monitoring and analysis, Advances in Environmental Biotechnology, Springer (2017) p. 265-288.
Tran H., Yougnia R., Reisberg S., Piro B., Serradji N., Nguyen T., Tran L., Dong C., Pham M., A label-free electrochemical immunosensor for direct, signal-on and sensitive pesticide detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 31 (2012) 62-68.
Tucci M., Bombelli P., Howe C.J., Vignolini S., Bocchi S., Schievano A., A storable mediatorless electrochemical biosensor for herbicide detection, Microorganisms 7 (2019) 630-644.
Valera E., Ramón-Azcón J., Rodríguez Á., Castañer L.M., Sánchez F.-J., Marco M.-P., Impedimetric immunosensor for atrazine detection using interdigitated μ-electrodes (IDμE's), Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 125 (2007) 526-537.
Valera E., Ramón-Azcón J., Sanchez F.-J., Marco M.-P., Rodríguez Á., Conductimetric immunosensor for atrazine detection based on antibodies labelled with gold nanoparticles, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 134 (2008) 95-103.
Verma M.L. and Rani V., Biosensors for toxic metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, biological oxygen demand, endocrine disruptors, hormones, dioxin, phenolic and organophosphorus compounds: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 (2021) 1657-1666.
Vidal J.C., Bonel L., Castillo J.R., A modulated tyrosinase enzyme‐based biosensor for application to the detection of dichlorvos and atrazine pesticides, Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis 20 (2008) 865-873.
Vohra T., Grover H., Saxena S., Verma D.K., Rameshwari R., A review on nanoparticles based biosensors for pesticide detection in water, Importance & Applications of Nanotechnology (2020) 1-9.
Wang Y., Sun H., Liu M., Lu H., Zhao G., A novel self-powered aptasensor for environmental pollutants detection based on simple and efficient enzymatic biofuel cell, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 305 (2020) 127468-127477.
Wilski S., Johanningmeier U., Hertel S., Oettmeier W., Herbicide binding in various mutants of the photosystem II D1 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 84 (2006) 157-164.
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Yu Z., Zhao G., Liu M., Lei Y., Li M., Fabrication of a novel atrazine biosensor and its subpart-per-trillion levels sensitive performance, Environmental science & technology 44 (2010) 7878-7883.
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