Abdollah Taheri Tizro; Maryam Ghashghaie; Pantazis Georgiou; Konstantinos Voudouris
Volume 1, Issue 1 , March 2014, , Pages 40-50
Abstract
Water quality is a worldwide problem which affects human beings lives fundamentally. Water scarcity is intensified in result of quality deterioration. Different factors such as population increase, economic development and water pollution could be considered as the origins of the problem. The study and ...
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Water quality is a worldwide problem which affects human beings lives fundamentally. Water scarcity is intensified in result of quality deterioration. Different factors such as population increase, economic development and water pollution could be considered as the origins of the problem. The study and forecasting of water quality is necessary to prevent serious water quality deteriorations in future. Different methodologies have been used to predict and estimate the quality of water. In present study using time series modeling, the quality of Hor Rood River is studied at Kakareza station using time series analysis. 9 parameters of water quality are studied such as: TDS, EC, HCO3-, SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, pH and SAR. Investigation of observed time series show that there is an increasing trend for all parameters unless Na+, pH and SAR. The order of model for each parameter was determined using auto correlation function (ACF) and partial auto correlation function (PACF) of time series. ARIMA (autoregressive, integrated, moving average) model was found suitable to generate and forecast the quality of river water. AIC, R2, RMSE and VE % criteria were used for evaluating the generation and forecasting results. Results show that time series modeling is quite capable of water quality forecasting. For all generated and forecasted parameters the value of R2 was greater than 0.66 Except for SO42-. The value of R2 for generated SO42- was 0.48 and this value was 0.43 for forecasting this parameter. Also the study show that the quality of water is deteriorating based on an increasing trend for the majority of parameters and needs serious managerial actions.
Zahra Jamshidzadeh; Majid Tavangari Barzi
Abstract
Treated wastewater reuse for agriculture is an effective solution to cope with water scarcity conditions in arid and semi-arid areas. The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of a bench scale recirculation sand filter (RSF) for organic matter and nutrients removal from restaurant greywater ...
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Treated wastewater reuse for agriculture is an effective solution to cope with water scarcity conditions in arid and semi-arid areas. The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of a bench scale recirculation sand filter (RSF) for organic matter and nutrients removal from restaurant greywater at the University of Kashan. The average percent removal of 96.9 %, 96.3 %, 98.3 %, 92.8 %, and 70 %, corresponding to five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous indicated satisfactory performance of the system for treatment of restaurant greywater with higher concentrations of pollutants compared to typical households greywater. Substrate removal kinetics of the system were assessed by measuring BOD5 and COD values of septic tank, recirculation tank, and filter bed effluents. First order and second order kinetic models were applied to obtain COD and BOD5 removal kinetic coefficients for the recirculation tank and the filter bed. Kinetic parameters of the recirculation tank were determined using regression analysis and the results showed that both models were appropriate to describe the substrate removal in the recirculation tank. The reaction rate constants of K=1.9 1/d and 0.4 1/d respectively for BOD5 and COD were obtained by the first order model, while the corresponding values for the second order model were K=0.004 L/mg.d and 0.0003 L/mg.d. For the filter bed, the first-order reaction rate constants K=1.3 1/d and 1.73 1/d were found for BOD5 and COD, respectively. The second order model was not well qualified for evaluation of the filter bed performance. The results of kinetic models can be used to predict the behavior or design of the recirculation sand filter in full scale applications.
Elahe Ahmadi Kamarposhti; Nader Bahramifar; Salma Ehsani Tilami
Abstract
Water pollution caused by heavy metals due to the increasing growth of industries is very worrying. Among heavy metals, evaluating the effect of silver (Ag) toxicity and its challenges on human and environmental health is very important and fundamental. This paper, for the first time, assessed the ability ...
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Water pollution caused by heavy metals due to the increasing growth of industries is very worrying. Among heavy metals, evaluating the effect of silver (Ag) toxicity and its challenges on human and environmental health is very important and fundamental. This paper, for the first time, assessed the ability of palm leaf ash (PLA) as a biosorbent to reduce the amount of water-soluble Ag cations from water. To do so, the effect of adsorbent amount, contact time, initial concentration of Ag ions, pH of the solution, and the temperature was evaluated on the adsorption process. The adsorption process was more consistent with the Freundlich isothermal model and the pseudo-second-order model was in better agreement with experimental data. The results of the experiments showed that the removal percentage of Ag ions and adsorption capacity was accrued from 91.84 to 99.94% and from 25.89 to 52.771 mg/g with increasing pH from 3 to 8 respectively and the enthalpy of the adsorption process (ΔH) was 6996.36 j/mol. Furthermore the removal efficiency of Ag at the initial concentration was obtained at 99.7%, Therefore, it can be concluded that cheapness, and abundance and high sorption capacity are the main advantages of this adsorbent.
Sara Hatamzadeh; Narjes Keramati; Mohsen Mehdipour Ghazi
Abstract
In this research, degradation of Tetracycline by Ag doped ZnO based on Clinoptilolite (Ag-ZnO@CP) as photocatalyst was investigated under visible light. To synthesize of photocatalyst, the wetness impregnation method was used. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BET ...
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In this research, degradation of Tetracycline by Ag doped ZnO based on Clinoptilolite (Ag-ZnO@CP) as photocatalyst was investigated under visible light. To synthesize of photocatalyst, the wetness impregnation method was used. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BET and DRS analysis. The XRD analysis proved the synthesized crystalline phase about 42 nm. Based on SEM images, the morphology of the synthesized particles was spherical with a mean particle size of 55 nm. The FT-IR characteristic peak proved the formation of Ag-ZnO@CP. The photocatalyst bandgap was calculated by the Kubelka-Munk algorithm about 2.95 eV. The bandgap indicated that the photocatalyst was active in the visible light range. The results of degradation were shown that the nanoparticles of Ag-ZnO@CP had a higher efficiency compared with the non-silver state. The efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst was evaluated with an initial pH of the solution, initial concentration of the pollutant and the amount of photocatalyst. For 60 min irradiation under visible light, the optimal values of the solution pH, the initial concentration of the pollutant and the photocatalyst were 8, 8 ppm and 1 g/L, respectively with 77.2 % degradation of Tetracycline. Also, the photocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline by the synthesized sample follows the first-order kinetic equation.
Zahra Salehi Reyhani; Zahra Khoshnood
Abstract
In order to investigate the biofilm creating bacteria in drinking water of Ahvaz, Iran, 4 different types of frequently used kitchen dishes (made up of plastic, glass, zinc, and teflon) were used for storage of drinking water under the same conditions at room temperature (25 °C) in triplicate order. ...
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In order to investigate the biofilm creating bacteria in drinking water of Ahvaz, Iran, 4 different types of frequently used kitchen dishes (made up of plastic, glass, zinc, and teflon) were used for storage of drinking water under the same conditions at room temperature (25 °C) in triplicate order. After the formation of the slime layer, microbiological tests were performed. Results showed that after 3 days, the biofilm layer was created. The biofilm creating bacteria of studied water belonged to both the gram-negative and gram-positive groups and were identified as follows: Staphylococcus aureus, Eschershia coli, Salmonella typhimorium, Entrobacter aerogenes, and Shigella sp. Results showed that the plastic dishes had the highest rate of bacterial growth and E. coli with 65 % of the growth was the most abundant bacteria of the investigated biofilm. It could be concluded that even in purified drinking water there were bacteria with the ability to create biofilm which needs more attention to purification processes and water storage in consideration with the quality of the dishes.
Saba Abdolalian; Farhad Qaderi
Abstract
The use of ultrasound is one of the most studied methods in treatment of water and wastewater. This study was going to remove pollutants from the supernatant of excess sludge by using of ultrasound. Initial raw supernatant with COD equal to 1600 mg/L and phosphorous equal to 80 mg/L was exposed to ultrasound. ...
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The use of ultrasound is one of the most studied methods in treatment of water and wastewater. This study was going to remove pollutants from the supernatant of excess sludge by using of ultrasound. Initial raw supernatant with COD equal to 1600 mg/L and phosphorous equal to 80 mg/L was exposed to ultrasound. The experimental design was used to determine the experiments with variables including time (1.5-9.5 h), ultrasonic power (40-360 w), and the volume of sample (20-180 mL). COD and phosphorous were the responses, those were investigated in this research. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a model for COD and phosphorous removal was obtained with a 95 % confidence interval. The optimized removal of COD (97.39 %) and phosphorous (98.73 %) was observed. According to the results, ultrasonic waves is a good way to remove COD and phosphorus from sludge. This method can be used in wastewater treatment plants for treatment of supernatant of excess sludge.
Hossein Hazrati; Zahra Sadat Sajadian; Nader Jahanbakhshi; Mohammad Rostamizadeh
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of different sludge retention times (SRTs) on membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems including synthesized ZSM-5 nano-adsorbent was investigated. Three MBRs including nano-adsorbent were applied in SRTs of 10, 50 and 100 d during six months for wastewater treatment. ...
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In this paper, the effect of different sludge retention times (SRTs) on membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems including synthesized ZSM-5 nano-adsorbent was investigated. Three MBRs including nano-adsorbent were applied in SRTs of 10, 50 and 100 d during six months for wastewater treatment. Soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration analyses were conducted on the sludge of the bioreactors. Particle size distribution (PSD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, excitation- emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, gel permission chromatography (GPC) were performed for determining the properties of the formed cake. Based on GPC test, at SRT of 10 d, organic compounds with varied molecular weights had the low concentration, while compounds with lower molecular weight were found more at SRTs of 50 and 100 d. FTIR and EEM analyses also revealed high concentration of protein compounds in MBR. Consequently, the membrane fouling was decreased in MBR at SRT of 10 d compared to SRTs of 50 and 100 d. In fact, transmembrane pressure (TMP) was 15, 21 and 25 kPa for SRTs of 10, 50 and 100 d, respectively. The EEM results showed that in addition to reduction of proteins by nano-adsorbent in SRTs of 10 and 50 d, the humic compounds were also reduced. The results showed the high efficiency of ZSM-5 nano-adsorbent for reducing of membrane fouling at the low SRT.
Mohammad Nazeri Tahroudi; Yousef Ramezani; Carlo De Michele; Rasoul Mirabbasi
Abstract
In this study, using vine copulas and tree sequences, dependence analysis of groundwater quality variables (Total hardness (TH), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na %) and magnesium (Mg)) was performed. For this purpose, the tree sequence of vine copulas including regular vine (R-vine), ...
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In this study, using vine copulas and tree sequences, dependence analysis of groundwater quality variables (Total hardness (TH), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na %) and magnesium (Mg)) was performed. For this purpose, the tree sequence of vine copulas including regular vine (R-vine), independent version of R-vine, also Gaussian version of R-vine, Gaussian independent version of R-vine, canonical vine (C-vine), independent version of C-vine, drawable vine (D-vine) and independent D-vine were evaluated independently in pairwise variables analysis. The study results of dependence structures and tree sequences of Vine copulas showed that among the studied copulas, the performance of the independent C-vine was 3.8 % better than R-vine and 0.25 % (insignificant and negligible) better than D-vine. The tree sequences provided by independent C-vine preserve correlation of pairwise variables until the last tree. In the last tree of independent C-vine, edge correlation of Mg, Na % | TH, and SAR reaches zero. Due to the proper performance of D-vine in dependence analysis of the studied variables, this copula is introduced as the selected copula.
Tahereh Mansouri Jalilian; Neda Azimi; Shahin Ahmadi
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound on cobalt adsorption from aqueous solution onto Fe3O4/Bentonite nanocomposite is investigated. Two layouts of using shaker and sono-separator equipped with ultrasound are considered. The effect of pH on Co(II) ions removal is investigated. Co(II) removal rate increased with increasing ...
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The effect of ultrasound on cobalt adsorption from aqueous solution onto Fe3O4/Bentonite nanocomposite is investigated. Two layouts of using shaker and sono-separator equipped with ultrasound are considered. The effect of pH on Co(II) ions removal is investigated. Co(II) removal rate increased with increasing pH from 2 to 10, and it reduced after pH=10. For the shaker, the contact time (t) of 50 min is selected as the most effective case. However, for sono-separator the maximum value of Co(II) removal rate is 78% at t=10 min, and it decreased after 10 min. The effect of the adsorbent mass (AM) is investigated and Co(II) removal increased by increasing the specific surface area of the adsorbent. The highest Co(II) removal rates are 83.3% and 86% for the shaker and the sono-separator, respectively. No significant increase for Co(II) removal is observed for increasing AM more than 3 g. The effect of the transducer locations and initial concentration of Co(II) ions (C0) at pH=10 and AM =3 g are investigated. The results showed that the activation of all transducers had the best performance. Initially, with increasing C0 from 0.05 to 0.1 g/L, Co(II) removal rate increased from 84% to 86%, respectively, but with increasing C0 from 0.1 to 0.15 and 0.2 g/L, cobalt removal has been decreased. Finally, the experimental data are adopted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The comparison of these models showed that both models are well suited to experimental data and data compatibility with the Langmuir model is greater.
Danial Nayeri; Seyyed Alireza Mousavi; Azadeh Mehrabi
Abstract
In this study, oxytetracycline removal from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared using corn stalks has been investigated. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of main variables; adsorbent ...
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In this study, oxytetracycline removal from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared using corn stalks has been investigated. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of main variables; adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, and initial oxytetracycline concentration on the efficiency of adsorption efficiency were investigated. Results confirmed the effects of main variables and the maximum removal of antibiotic (99.9 %) achieved at initial concentration of 10 mg/L, pH of 9, and contact time of 60 min, when adsorbent dose was 1.5 g. The results of isotherm and kinetic studies showed that the oxytetracycline adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from corn stalks follows Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.98) and pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99). The maximum adsorption capacity of oxytetracycline was 522.6 mg/g. In brief, the activated carbon that has been prepared from corn stalks as low cost, non-toxic and environment friendly adsorbent shows a good ability for removal of oxytetracycline form water and wastewater.
Jacques Munyegaju; Hakizimana Jean Nepo; Buscotin Horax Beakou; Valerien Mutambyi; Uwitonze Nestor
Abstract
Textile industries consume a lot of water through their various textile production processes. Increased demand for textile products, ultimately increases the formation of wastewater, which labels the textile industry a main source of severe pollution problems worldwide. The agricultural wastes used for ...
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Textile industries consume a lot of water through their various textile production processes. Increased demand for textile products, ultimately increases the formation of wastewater, which labels the textile industry a main source of severe pollution problems worldwide. The agricultural wastes used for adsorbing pollutants were revealed to be efficient and economical adsorbents with high potential for removing dyes from polluted water. In this study, the synthetic textile effluent was simulated using Orange 2 sodium salt (OSS) dye mixed with tap water. The treatment of OSS dye solution by adsorption process was conducted in a batch reactor employing the avocado seeds activated carbon (ASAC). The impacts of temperature, adsorption contact time, OSS dye initial concentration, ASAC biosorbent dosage, and OSS solution pH on the adsorption efficiency were explored and optimized by the Box Behnken design (BBD) of Response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the dye removal were: temperature 40°C, adsorbent dosage 0.1g and initial dye concentration 10 mg/L. The yield of the OSS dye removal resulted to 96.5%. The OSS dye adsorption has best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm of adsorption (R2 = 0.9922), suggesting the occurrence of a multilayer adsorption on the non-homogeneous surfaces of the ASAC. The kinetic study fitted with the kinetic model of Pseudo-second order. Also, the dye adsorption thermodynamics manifested that the adsorption of OSS dye was feasible and spontaneous with negative Gibbs free energy changes (-ΔGo) such as -2.18KJ/mol at 303K, -3.18KJ/mol at 308K, -3.58KJ/mol at 313K and -7.32KJ/mol at 323K. The adsorption was endothermic with positive enthalpy change (+74.73KJ/mol). The entropy study resulted in 0.25KJ/molK, revealing the augmenting chaos at the interface of the sorbent and dye solution during adsorption process. The use of avocado seeds as biosorbent enables the valorization of this agro-waste and waste management alongside efficient textile effluent treatment.
Simin Shokrolahi; Mehrdad Farhadian; Nila Davari
Abstract
ZnO/Fe2O3/Zeolite nanophotocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method, and its performance in degradation of ENR, as one of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics, is evaluated. The synthesized nanophotocatalyst is characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, and BET analyses. According to XRD, ...
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ZnO/Fe2O3/Zeolite nanophotocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method, and its performance in degradation of ENR, as one of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics, is evaluated. The synthesized nanophotocatalyst is characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, and BET analyses. According to XRD, FT-IR, and EDX, presence of ZnO and Fe2O3 on the zeolite surface is confirmed. Based on XRF results, the optimal molar value of Fe3+/ZnO in the synthesized nanophotocatalyst is obtained as 0.06. The FE-SEM results confirm the deposition of ZnO/Fe2O3 on the zeolite surface and indicate the approximate size of the photocatalyst particles as 48 nm. According to BET results, the specific surface area and pore volume for the synthesized nanophotocatalyst are obtained as 280.16 m2/g and 0.35 cm3/g, respectively. The simultaneous effects of operational factors, including the concentration of pollutant (150-450 mg/l), initial pH of the solution (5-9), and H2O2 concentration (50-200 mg/L) are examined on the ENR degradation efficiency via RSM. The results demonstrate that ENR concentration, pH, and H2O2 concentration have significant impacts on the ENR degradation efficiency in turn. According to the experimental results under optimal conditions (pH, contaminant concentration, and H2O2 concentration: 9, 500 mg/l, and 90 mg/l, respectively), the ENR degradation efficiency is 97.4%. This study suggests that the synthesized nanophotocatalyst has an acceptable efficiency to degrade a non-biodegradable contaminant.
Yahya Choopan; Somayeh Emami
Abstract
In this study, barley yield has been estimated via radial basis function network (RBF) and feed-forward neural networks (GFF) models of artificial neural network (ANNs) in Torbat-Heydarieh of Iran. For this purpose, a dataset consists of 200 data at three levels of irrigation with well water, industrial ...
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In this study, barley yield has been estimated via radial basis function network (RBF) and feed-forward neural networks (GFF) models of artificial neural network (ANNs) in Torbat-Heydarieh of Iran. For this purpose, a dataset consists of 200 data at three levels of irrigation with well water, industrial wastewater (sugar factory wastewater), a combination of well water and wastewater in two levels (complete irrigation and irrigation with 75 % water stress) and soil characteristics of area were used as input parameters. To achieve this goal, based on the number of data and inputs, 200 barley field experiments data set were used, of which 80 % (160 data) was used for the training and 20 % (40 data) for the testing the network. The results showed that RBF model has high potential in estimating barley yield with Levenberg Marquardt training and 4 hidden layers. Also the values of statistical parameters R2 and RMSE were 0.81 and the 33.12, respectively. In general, the results showed that ANNs model is able to better estimate the barley yield when irrigation water level parameter with well water is selected as input.
Sara Habibi
Abstract
Nowadays, reuse of wastewater is widespread to prevail over shortage of water and to fertilize agricultural lands. This study was conducted to investigate effects of wastewater on some chemical and physical properties of soil. For this purpose, two farms were selected. These farms are located in the ...
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Nowadays, reuse of wastewater is widespread to prevail over shortage of water and to fertilize agricultural lands. This study was conducted to investigate effects of wastewater on some chemical and physical properties of soil. For this purpose, two farms were selected. These farms are located in the Ghahremanloo region at Urmia plain, West Azerbaijan province located in northwestern of Iran. There is no exact information regarding total amount of wastewater delivered to these lands, but flooding irrigation employing wastewater was applied during growing season. The farms are irrigated with two treatments, including wastewater treatment and freshwater where the surface irrigation method was utilized to plant corn. Experiment design was conducted as completely randomized blocks. Each experiment was repeated four times for both freshwater and wastewater treatments. Results of this study showed that the use of wastewater results in a significant decrease in soil's electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and a substantial increase in calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) and organic materials (OM) of the soil. Besides, the wastewater decreased density of Cu and increased density of Zn, Mn, and Fe significantly, known as heavy metals of the soil. However, the density of these elements in the soil was below detection limit. Bulk density also showed a significant reduction in wastewater usage. Finally, paired t-test and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were implemented to validate data.
Zakie Rostami; Masoud Rahimi; Neda Azimi
Abstract
In this study, Ni+2 removal from aqueous solution was investigated by concurrent usage of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and a high frequency ultrasound (1.7 MHz). In addition to Ni+2 removal, presence of the high frequency ultrasound led to being cooled photovoltaic (PV) module. Studied variables were pH and adsorbent ...
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In this study, Ni+2 removal from aqueous solution was investigated by concurrent usage of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and a high frequency ultrasound (1.7 MHz). In addition to Ni+2 removal, presence of the high frequency ultrasound led to being cooled photovoltaic (PV) module. Studied variables were pH and adsorbent dose (AD). Results indicated that the Ni+2 removal efficiency increased with an increase in the pH ranging from 2 to 9. Furthermore, the Ni+2 removal efficiency boosted by an increase in the AD. However, no significant enhancement in Ni+2 removal efficiency was observed at the AD above 9 g. Generally, the maximum Ni+2 removal efficiency was about 79 % for contact time of 50 min at pH=9 and AD=9 g in the presence of ultrasound. At the efficient condition (pH=9, AD=9 g and contact time=50 min), using ultrasound showed 16-20 % enhancement in Ni+2 removal efficiency compared to no ultrasound usage. From heat transfer view, it was observed that propagation of 1.7 MHz ultrasound into nanofluid significantly has cooled the photovoltaic (PV) module. Moreover, an increase in concentration of nanofluid (AD) showed a positive effect on reduction of heat from the PV module surface and maximum generated power. Obtained data demonstrated that agitating nanofluid by 1.7 MHz ultrasound decreased temperature of the PV module up to 15.5 % compared to no cooling system.
Abedin Raziani; Akbar Mohammadidoust
Abstract
Hazelnut shell was used as a green adsorbent and environment-friendly for magnesium ions (Mg2+) adsorption from hard water solution in batch system. The characterization of the biosorbent was entirely evaluated using SEM, XRD and FT-IR analyses. Design of experiments (DOE) decreased the number of non-significant ...
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Hazelnut shell was used as a green adsorbent and environment-friendly for magnesium ions (Mg2+) adsorption from hard water solution in batch system. The characterization of the biosorbent was entirely evaluated using SEM, XRD and FT-IR analyses. Design of experiments (DOE) decreased the number of non-significant experiments, which resulted in reducing the time and cost of studies. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to dynamic assessment of the adsorption process. The effects of variables (pH, adsorbent dosage, Mg2+ concentration, time) and their interactions were investigated by central composite face design (CCFD). In addition, the numerical optimization was also analyzed. The results demonstrated that maximum efficiency, 56.21 %, and adsorbent capacity, 5.729 mg/g, occurred at initial concentration of 200 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 1 g and pH 10 in duration of 59.816 min which were in good agreement with experimental results. In order to validate of the dynamic model, artificial neural network (ANN) was employed. Although RSM had a superior capability in developing of the model in comparison with ANN, it was acceptable to forecast the magnesium ions removal by both RSM and ANN approaches. Finally, the studies of the adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, reusability tests of the adsorbent and comparison with walnut shell were also done.
Ali Azizpor; Ahmad Rajabi; Fariborz Yosefvand; Saeid Shabanlou
Abstract
In the current study, a new hybrid of the genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was introduced to model the discharge coefficient (DC) of triangular weirs. The genetic algorithm was implemented for increasing the efficiency of ANFIS by adjusting membership functions ...
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In the current study, a new hybrid of the genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was introduced to model the discharge coefficient (DC) of triangular weirs. The genetic algorithm was implemented for increasing the efficiency of ANFIS by adjusting membership functions as well as minimizing error values. To evaluate the proficiency of the proposed hybrid method, the Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) and the k-fold validation method (k=5) was applied. The results of developed hybrid model indicate that the weir vortex angle, flow Froude number, the ratio of the weir length to its height, the ratio of the channel width to the weir length and ratio of the flow head to the weir height are the most effective parameters in the DC estimation. The quantitative examination of the proposed hybrid method indicates that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) are as 0.016 and 1.647 (respectively) for the superior model. Besides, the Froude number is found as the most effective variable in DC modeling through the quantitative analysis. A comparison of the developed hybrid ANFIS-GA with the individual ANFIS model in the DC estimation indicates the hybrid model outperformed than the individual one.
Saeed Rasi Nezami; Reza Aghlmand
Abstract
Rivers are valuable sources of water supply for various purposes. These sources are seriously exposed to quality degradation due to the entry of various contaminants. Therefore, proper monitoring and quality management of these resources could be very important. In the present study, the quality of the ...
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Rivers are valuable sources of water supply for various purposes. These sources are seriously exposed to quality degradation due to the entry of various contaminants. Therefore, proper monitoring and quality management of these resources could be very important. In the present study, the quality of the Balikhlou river in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran, was investigated by surveying the trend of changes in river quality parameters, as well as water quality indices. In this study, after collecting the available data, by determining the trend of changes in quality parameters, the suitability of the studied river water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes was determined. The results indicated that there is an inverse relationship between changes in river discharge rate and the concentration of qualitative parameters. Therefore, it was found that salinity-containing pollution sources enter the river upstream of the desired station. Besides, the results of water quality indices showed that the water quality of the studied river is very poor for drinking (WQI>75). In addition, the results of water quality assessment for irrigation use based on SAR, KI, and SSP indices were generally considered inappropriate (SAR>26, KI>1, SSP>50), EC was often permissible (750<EC<2250), and MH was appropriate (MH<50). Our study highlights the importance of river water quality studies over time and thus can lead to better management of these valuable resources.
Mohammad Saeid Bahrami; Mohammad Mehdi Heidari; Arash Ahmadi
Abstract
The improper operation performance of many irrigation channel is nearly a result of the lack in understanding transient flow phenomena due to the implementation of water delivery in the irrigation canal. Travel and response time are the most important characteristics of unsteady flow in open canal affecting ...
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The improper operation performance of many irrigation channel is nearly a result of the lack in understanding transient flow phenomena due to the implementation of water delivery in the irrigation canal. Travel and response time are the most important characteristics of unsteady flow in open canal affecting the operation performance. Solving the Saint Venant equation and using hydrodynamic models is usual method to assess the response and travel time, but limited access and the complexity of the application of those caused to introduce simple methods for calculating them. Two analytical methods introduce to determine the travel and response time. The diffusion wave approximation and gravity wave can be used for the travel time and the diffusion wave and Ankum’s formula are used for the response time. In this study, the travel and response time has calculated using HEC-RAS and compared in approximate methods. The results show that the gravity wave is used to determine the travel time for short canal and the diffusion wave method is suitable for long canal reaches. In BLMC channel, the average response time error to distance of 3000 meters for Ankum’s formula is 5.1 percent, and the error of diffusion wave model is 5.5 percent from 3000 meters to the end of the canal. In this study, the effect of variation in input discharge on travel and response time are investigated. It has effect on travel and response less than 3 % and 5 %, respectively.
Houshang Ghamarnia; Zoleikh Palash; Meisam Palash
Abstract
Surface water quality management is very important. Qualitative indicators of water pollution can indicate the trend of quality changes over time and place. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of Golin river using IRWQISC index. For this purpose, the Golin river water was sampled twice ...
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Surface water quality management is very important. Qualitative indicators of water pollution can indicate the trend of quality changes over time and place. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of Golin river using IRWQISC index. For this purpose, the Golin river water was sampled twice a month in a period of one year from May 2019 to April 2020 in Najar village station located in downstream of river. Different parameters which evaluated in this study were DO, pH, BOD5, COD, nitrate, phosphate, electrical conductivity, total hardness and turbidity. The results of the study using the IRWQISC index showed that the range of the index values in the warm months of the year was "between" 30.57 to 32.17 with relatively poor-quality category. While in the cold months of the year the index values obtained "between" 27.36 to 27.83 with poor quality category. In general, according to the results from the annual average of the IRWQISC index, the numerical value was obtained as equal to 29.62, which showed Golin river in poor quality category. The results which presented in this study can be useful for different organization decision to perform their water related projects on Golin river.
Negin Salimi; Atabak Feizi; Saeed Rasinezami; Amin Kanooni
Abstract
In recent years, the growing population and the need to supply water for domestic, and health, and agriculture sectors have led to the establishment of industrial centers in developing countries. The onset of drought in most countries has challenged surface water, groundwater, dams, and reservoirs. Iran ...
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In recent years, the growing population and the need to supply water for domestic, and health, and agriculture sectors have led to the establishment of industrial centers in developing countries. The onset of drought in most countries has challenged surface water, groundwater, dams, and reservoirs. Iran is among those countries, which is located in a dry and semi-arid region. These factors made managers and decision-makers in this field make appropriate rules and regulations for the use of limited water resources. In this paper, the Vensim dynamic model was applied to properly exploit the Yamchi Dam water and groundwater resources in the Ardabil plain in Iran and allocate these resources in the agriculture, industry, and drinking sectors. By defining different scenarios, it was found that pressurized irrigation and changing the crop pattern scenarios are the most appropriate options for water management in the Yamchi basin. In this scenario, known as G in the model, 62% of the network lands are moved from traditional flood to pressurized irrigation with an irrigation efficiency of 60%. Accordingly, the reliability of the agricultural and drinking water supply will reach 92 and 99%, respectively. Meanwhile, due to saving the water resources, the water infiltration caused by irrigation will be greatly reduced, and the land swamping will be prevented.
Ali Sardar Shahraki; Mahmood Mohhamad Ghasemi
Abstract
The issue of water resource management has become extremely complicated due to the droughts of the last two decades and the competition among the drinking sector, agricultural sector, and international Hamoun wetland to use water. To analyze the status and help managers in policy analysis and decision-making, ...
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The issue of water resource management has become extremely complicated due to the droughts of the last two decades and the competition among the drinking sector, agricultural sector, and international Hamoun wetland to use water. To analyze the status and help managers in policy analysis and decision-making, this research adopted an integrated water resource model (WEAP) with a decision support system (DSS) approach to study the effect of drought on rural and agricultural development and its economic impacts in the region. So, the Iranian government’s water development projects were simulated within 11 scenarios for a medium-term period (up to the 2030 horizon) and the implications of their implementation for the development of the rural and agricultural sectors were assessed. According to the results, if Afghanistan observes Iran’s water rights, there will still be a great amount of unmet water demand (314.53 million m3) for the agricultural and wetland sectors. However, if this scenario is realized, the unmet demand will decrease by about 196 million m3 versus the status quo and the agricultural sector’s profit will increase by about 314 billion IRR, which will be very helpful for rural development. So, relevant officials should put their best effort into realizing the water right. It is suggested to strengthen water diplomacy between the two main stakeholders in the region in order to reduce the persistence of drought.
Ayoob Moradi; Ali Akbar Akhtari; Arash Azari
Abstract
During the recent few decades, the use of various models has been regarded as a promising option to predict groundwater level (GWL) in any given region using a wide variety of data and relevant equations. The lack of trustworthy and comprehensive data is, nevertheless, one of the most significant obstacles ...
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During the recent few decades, the use of various models has been regarded as a promising option to predict groundwater level (GWL) in any given region using a wide variety of data and relevant equations. The lack of trustworthy and comprehensive data is, nevertheless, one of the most significant obstacles that must be overcome in order to analyze and anticipate the depletion of groundwater in the context of water management. Because of this, the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) models that are able to predict the GWL with high accuracy using a reduced amount of data is unavoidable. In this work, the GWL variations of Lur plain were simulated using GMS model by utilizing the available data and maps. The accuracy of model was assessed at both phases i.e. validation and calibration. Following that, GA-ANN and ICA-ANN approaches, together with ELM, ORELM, and GMDH models, were used in order to fulfill the demand for too smaller volumes by AI procedures. According to the results, the ORELM output had the highest correlation with the observed information, which indicates that it is the most accurate model in this regard. The correlation coefficient for this model was 0.976. Because of this, instead of utilizing a complicated GMS model that needs a significant amount of data for the simulation, an ORELM model can be used to reliably forecast the GWL in the Lur plain. This simple model allows the researchers to accurately predict changes in GWL during rainy and non-rainy years compared to other complicated and time-consuming numerical models.
Hasan Aminirad; Ozeair Abessi; Farshad Golbabaei Kootenaei; Mohammad Amin Mirrezaei; Tahereh Taghizadeh; Pooneh Saeidi; Gholamreza Darvishi
Abstract
Rivers are one of the primary water resources for agricultural, drinking, industrial and environmental applications; thus, assessment of the river water quality has a great significance. This study aims to evaluate the self-purification capacity of the Haraz river and identify critical areas ...
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Rivers are one of the primary water resources for agricultural, drinking, industrial and environmental applications; thus, assessment of the river water quality has a great significance. This study aims to evaluate the self-purification capacity of the Haraz river and identify critical areas with the lack of dissolved oxygen along the river. Also, the QUAL2K model, IRWQI and NSFWQI indexes were applied for the determination of water quality. In this study, primary pollutant sources including urban areas, industrial centers, farmlands and multiple cold-water fish farms that their water usage and discharge have severe consequences on the quality and quantity of the river's stream were identified and located. This model was built and calibrated for four seasons with data from six sampling stations of Haraz river. Based on this study, upstream of Haraz river has adequate self-purification capacity in comparison to its midstream and downstream, especially in the Amol city area, lack of dissolved oxygen was observed and self-purification capacity considerably reduced. The critical areas of Haraz river in spring and winter seasons are downstream and the estuary region, while in summer and autumn, critical areas are increased in Amol city. In general, as the elevation decreases, the water quality decreases. Only in upstream areas (near the Poloor village and before the Chelav station), water quality is in the average condition, but near the Caspian sea, the condition of Haraz river is worrying due to the existence of contamination sources.
Safoora Nazari; Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh; Parviz Mohammadi; Sirus Zinadini
Abstract
In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and ...
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In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and wastewater management strategies that encourage minimizing fresh water consumption through treated wastewater reuse. Thus, the main scope of the present study is to investigate a general procedure using innovative post treatment technologies in order to attain an almost zero discharge water management in real life - Kermanshah's oil refinery case study. The results obtained are proofs enough that the selected post treatment scenario can effectively minimize the overall fresh water demand.
