Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2024.10411.1327
Abstract
Wastewater output has increased considerably as a result of global population growth. Efforts to manage wastewater are expanding globally. Bio-based methods are useful and effective for treating a wide range of wastewaters, especially those from homes. In this research, the gray water stream at Sari Agricultural College in the north of Iran was treated using an anaerobic biological method. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using treated gray water for landscape irrigation was feasible or not. A fine screening pre-treatment system and a septic tank system were created in order to achieve this goal. After the first stage screening of superfluous solid components, anaerobic digestion was carried out for 26 hours at a temperature of between 14 and 16 °C in a 5 m3 septic tank. Treatment method function was revealed by measuring and comparing the pollutant indices with the permissible rates. The obtained data were: BOD 19.5 mg/L, COD 185 mg/L, Suspended Solid (SS) 90 mg/L, Organic Matter (OM) 80 mg/L, NO3 26 mg/L, PO4 6.25 mg/L, Oil and Grease (O&G) 9.3%, pH 5.9-7.1. The permissible rates for these indices are 100, 200, 200, 300, 30, 6.75, 10, and 6.8-7.1, respectively. The treated gray water was allowed to be utilized as irrigation water. After irrigating, the landscape did not face any negative effects. Nonetheless, the high acidity was owing to the detergents in effluent and this was the main reason provides a vast range of microelements leading to poisoning plants in a long period.
Keywords
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Bolan, N. S. et al. (2011) 'Dissolved organic matter: biogeochemistry, dynamics, and environmental significance in soils', Advances in Agronomy, 110, pp. 1-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385531-2.00001-3
Edwin, G. A., Gopalsamy, P., and Muthu, N. (2014) 'Characterization of domestic gray water from point source to determine the potential for urban residential reuse: a short review, Applied Water Science, 4, pp. 39-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0128-8
El-fadel, M., Bou-zeid, E., and Chahine, W. (2003) 'Landfill evolution and treatability assessment of high‐strength leachate from msw with high organic and moisture content', International Journal of Environmental Studies, 60, pp. 603-615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020723032000069187
El-gawad, A. (2014) 'Oil and grease removal from industrial wastewater using new utility approach', Advances in Environmental Chemistry, 10, pp. 23-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/916878
Gross, A. et al. (2007). Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (rvfcw)—a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households. Chemosphere, 66, pp. 916-923. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.006
Heidari, H. (2012) 'Effect of irrigation by contaminated water with cloth detergent on plant growth and seed germination traits of maize (zea mays);, Life Science Journal, 9, pp. 1587-1590. Available at: https://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/241_11901life0904_1587_1590.pdf (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Ibraheem, B. H., Alshammari, M. H., and Alwan, H. H. (2020) 'Evaluation of gray water treatment with pilot filter for irrigation purposes', Iop conference series: materials science and engineering, 671, p. 012090. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/671/1/012090
Kass, A. et al. (2005) 'The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the israeli coastal aquifer', Journal of Hydrology, 300, pp. 314-331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.013
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Khalil, M., and Liu, Y. (2021) 'Greywater biodegradability and biological treatment technologies: a critical review', International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 161, p. 105211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105211
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Levine, A. D., Tchobanoglous, G., and Asano, T. (1985) 'Characterization of the size distribution of contaminants in wastewater: treatment and reuse implications', Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 3, pp. 805-816. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25042701 (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Mangkoedihardjo, S. (2006) 'Biodegradability improvement of industrial wastewater using hyacinth', Journal of Applied Sciences, 6, pp. 1409-1414. doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.1409.1414
Manna, s. (2018). Treatment of gray water for reusing in non-potable purpose to conserve water in india. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 13, pp. 703-716. Available at: http://www.ripublication.com/ijaes18/ijaesv13n8_01.pdf (Accessed: 18 May 2024).
Mckeown, R. M. et al. (2012) 'Low-temperature anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment', Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, pp. 444-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.025
Memon, F.A. et al. (2005) 'Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 3, pp. 155-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2005.158.3.155
Nasr, F. A., and Mikhaeil, B. (2015) 'Treatment of domestic wastewater using modified septic tank', Desalination and Water Treatment, 56, pp. 2073-2081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.961174
Oh, K. S. et al. (2018) 'A review of greywater recycling related issues: challenges and future prospects in malaysia', Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, pp. 17-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.267
Pandey, A., Srivastava, R. and Singh, P. (2014) 'Short-term impacts of gray water irrigation on soil characteristics in land-treatment vegetation filters', Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45, pp. 1305-1315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.875196
Parjane, S. B., and Sane, M. G. (2011) 'Performance of grey water treatment plant by economical way for indian rural development', International Journal of Chemtech Research, 3, pp. 1808-1815. Available at: http://sphinxsai.com/Vol.3No.4/chem/pdf/CT=13(1808-1815)OD11.pdf (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Pidou, M. et al. (2007) 'Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 3, pp. 119-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2007.160.3.119
Raman, N. and Narayanan, D.S. (2008) 'Impact of solid waste effect on ground water and soil quality nearer to Pallavaram solid waste landfill site in Chennai', Rasayan journal of Chemistry, 1(4), pp.828-836. Available at: http://www.rasayanjournal.com (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Rice, E.W., and Bridgewater, L. (2017) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd edn. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Rorison, I.H. (1980). The effects of soil acidity on nutrient availability and plant response. In Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems (pp. 283-304). Boston, MA: Springer US. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3033-2_45
Samudro, G., and Mangkoedihardjo, S. (2010) 'Review on bod, cod and bod/cod ratio: a triangle zone for toxic, biodegradable and stable levels', International Journal of Academic Research, 2, pp. 176-62. Available at: https://www.sid.ir/paper/633077/en (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Singh, N. K., Kazmi, A. A., and Starkl, M. (2015) 'A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach', Water Science and Technology, 71, pp. 468-478. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.413
Subramani, T., and Akela, J. (2014) 'Onsite waste water treatment system', Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4, pp. 154-162. Available at: https://webpage.pace.edu/MMinnis/pubs.htm (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Toifl, M., Diaper, C., and O'halloran, R. (2008) 'Assessing the performance of small scale greywater treatment systems under controlled laboratory conditions', Water Practice and Technology, 3, pp. 200-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.077
Travis, M. J. et al. (2010) 'Greywater reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties', Science of the Total Environment, 408, pp. 2501-2508. doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.005
Van Gijn, K. et al. (2021) 'Optimizing biological effluent organic matter removal for subsequent micropollutant removal', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9, p. 106247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106247
Veal, l. (2021) 'EPA WIPP Waste Emplacement Inspection Plan for 2023', United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1, pp. 32-12. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14508466533341872437&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Verma, A., Wei, X., and Kusiak, A. (2013) 'Predicting the total suspended solids in wastewater: a data-mining approach', Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 26, pp. 1366-1372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2012.08.015
Vinod Kumar, T.M., Puthuvayi, B. and Robi, R., (2022). Spatial Planning of Kattangal Smart Global Economic Community. In Smart Master Planning for Cities: Case Studies on Digital Innovations (pp. 147-239). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2564-1_4
Waters, T. F. (1995) 'Sediment in streams: sources, biological effects, and control', American Fisheries Society Monograph, Bethesda, Maryland, 7, pp. 79-118. Available at: https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/unfao:643230/Description (18 May 2024).
Boddu, V. M. et al. (2016) 'Gray water recycle: effect of pretreatment technologies on low pressure reverse osmosis treatment', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4, pp. 4435-4443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.09.031
Bolan, N. S. et al. (2011) 'Dissolved organic matter: biogeochemistry, dynamics, and environmental significance in soils', Advances in Agronomy, 110, pp. 1-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385531-2.00001-3
Edwin, G. A., Gopalsamy, P., and Muthu, N. (2014) 'Characterization of domestic gray water from point source to determine the potential for urban residential reuse: a short review, Applied Water Science, 4, pp. 39-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0128-8
El-fadel, M., Bou-zeid, E., and Chahine, W. (2003) 'Landfill evolution and treatability assessment of high‐strength leachate from msw with high organic and moisture content', International Journal of Environmental Studies, 60, pp. 603-615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020723032000069187
El-gawad, A. (2014) 'Oil and grease removal from industrial wastewater using new utility approach', Advances in Environmental Chemistry, 10, pp. 23-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/916878
Gross, A. et al. (2007). Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (rvfcw)—a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households. Chemosphere, 66, pp. 916-923. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.006
Heidari, H. (2012) 'Effect of irrigation by contaminated water with cloth detergent on plant growth and seed germination traits of maize (zea mays);, Life Science Journal, 9, pp. 1587-1590. Available at: https://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/241_11901life0904_1587_1590.pdf (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Ibraheem, B. H., Alshammari, M. H., and Alwan, H. H. (2020) 'Evaluation of gray water treatment with pilot filter for irrigation purposes', Iop conference series: materials science and engineering, 671, p. 012090. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/671/1/012090
Kass, A. et al. (2005) 'The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the israeli coastal aquifer', Journal of Hydrology, 300, pp. 314-331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.013
Kesalkar, V., khedikar, I. P. and Sudame, A. (2012) 'Physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater from paper industry', International Journal of Engineering Research Applications, 2, pp. 137-143. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b34f6bbd5fa2713daa9cb3d0e319fb290536c1e2 (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Khalil, M., and Liu, Y. (2021) 'Greywater biodegradability and biological treatment technologies: a critical review', International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 161, p. 105211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105211
Kink, M. (2016) 'Fine screening system–the more intelligent primary clarifier', Clarifirety, 8, pp. 86-95. Available at: https://www.tpomag.com/uploads/downloads/Fine-screening system-the-more-intelligent-primary-clarifier.pdf (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Levine, A. D., Tchobanoglous, G., and Asano, T. (1985) 'Characterization of the size distribution of contaminants in wastewater: treatment and reuse implications', Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 3, pp. 805-816. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25042701 (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Mangkoedihardjo, S. (2006) 'Biodegradability improvement of industrial wastewater using hyacinth', Journal of Applied Sciences, 6, pp. 1409-1414. doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.1409.1414
Manna, s. (2018). Treatment of gray water for reusing in non-potable purpose to conserve water in india. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 13, pp. 703-716. Available at: http://www.ripublication.com/ijaes18/ijaesv13n8_01.pdf (Accessed: 18 May 2024).
Mckeown, R. M. et al. (2012) 'Low-temperature anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment', Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, pp. 444-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.025
Memon, F.A. et al. (2005) 'Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 3, pp. 155-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2005.158.3.155
Nasr, F. A., and Mikhaeil, B. (2015) 'Treatment of domestic wastewater using modified septic tank', Desalination and Water Treatment, 56, pp. 2073-2081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.961174
Oh, K. S. et al. (2018) 'A review of greywater recycling related issues: challenges and future prospects in malaysia', Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, pp. 17-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.267
Pandey, A., Srivastava, R. and Singh, P. (2014) 'Short-term impacts of gray water irrigation on soil characteristics in land-treatment vegetation filters', Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45, pp. 1305-1315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.875196
Parjane, S. B., and Sane, M. G. (2011) 'Performance of grey water treatment plant by economical way for indian rural development', International Journal of Chemtech Research, 3, pp. 1808-1815. Available at: http://sphinxsai.com/Vol.3No.4/chem/pdf/CT=13(1808-1815)OD11.pdf (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Pidou, M. et al. (2007) 'Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 3, pp. 119-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2007.160.3.119
Raman, N. and Narayanan, D.S. (2008) 'Impact of solid waste effect on ground water and soil quality nearer to Pallavaram solid waste landfill site in Chennai', Rasayan journal of Chemistry, 1(4), pp.828-836. Available at: http://www.rasayanjournal.com (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Rice, E.W., and Bridgewater, L. (2017) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd edn. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Rorison, I.H. (1980). The effects of soil acidity on nutrient availability and plant response. In Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems (pp. 283-304). Boston, MA: Springer US. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3033-2_45
Samudro, G., and Mangkoedihardjo, S. (2010) 'Review on bod, cod and bod/cod ratio: a triangle zone for toxic, biodegradable and stable levels', International Journal of Academic Research, 2, pp. 176-62. Available at: https://www.sid.ir/paper/633077/en (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Singh, N. K., Kazmi, A. A., and Starkl, M. (2015) 'A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach', Water Science and Technology, 71, pp. 468-478. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.413
Subramani, T., and Akela, J. (2014) 'Onsite waste water treatment system', Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4, pp. 154-162. Available at: https://webpage.pace.edu/MMinnis/pubs.htm (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Toifl, M., Diaper, C., and O'halloran, R. (2008) 'Assessing the performance of small scale greywater treatment systems under controlled laboratory conditions', Water Practice and Technology, 3, pp. 200-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.077
Travis, M. J. et al. (2010) 'Greywater reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties', Science of the Total Environment, 408, pp. 2501-2508. doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.005
Van Gijn, K. et al. (2021) 'Optimizing biological effluent organic matter removal for subsequent micropollutant removal', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9, p. 106247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106247
Veal, l. (2021) 'EPA WIPP Waste Emplacement Inspection Plan for 2023', United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1, pp. 32-12. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14508466533341872437&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 (Accessed:18 May 2024).
Verma, A., Wei, X., and Kusiak, A. (2013) 'Predicting the total suspended solids in wastewater: a data-mining approach', Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 26, pp. 1366-1372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2012.08.015
Vinod Kumar, T.M., Puthuvayi, B. and Robi, R., (2022). Spatial Planning of Kattangal Smart Global Economic Community. In Smart Master Planning for Cities: Case Studies on Digital Innovations (pp. 147-239). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2564-1_4
Waters, T. F. (1995) 'Sediment in streams: sources, biological effects, and control', American Fisheries Society Monograph, Bethesda, Maryland, 7, pp. 79-118. Available at: https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/unfao:643230/Description (18 May 2024).
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