Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Environmental Engineering, Water and Wastewater, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Envirenment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2023.8253.1269
Abstract
In this study, an optimized composite of expanded graphite /g-C3N4 /phenylenediamine was synthesized and characterized by SEM, FESEM, EDS, XRD, and BET methods.The composite was prepared with an optimized combination using response surface methodology (RSM) as a proper adsorbent for eliminating heavy metals from water samples. The evaluation of the final adsorbent was accomplished by removing metal ions like Pb2+ and Cd2+. Under the optimum adsorption conditions for Pb2+ and Cd2+ (pH:5, adsorbent dosage:2 g/L, and Time:60 min), elimination efficiencies were 78.4% for Cd2+ and 71.35% for Pb2+. pH was the most important factor that influenced the adsorption rate. A short contact time for maximum removal efficiency was reported because of the porous structure of the constructed composite. As a result of the absorptive construction, the equilibrium showed a satisfactory agreement with the Freundlich model. The kinetic evaluations showed that the adsorption process of both heavy metals fitted the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, the results of thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. A series of regeneration experiments (5 cycles) was directed to evaluate the adsorbent reusability. The results presented that it was a suitable adsorbent for heavy metal uptake from aquatic solutions.
Keywords
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Bannov A.G., Ukhina A.V., Maksimovskii Evgenii A., Prosanov Igor Yu., Shestakov Artyom A., Lapekin Nikita I., Highly porous expanded graphite: thermal shock vs. programmable heating, Materials 14 (2021) 7687.
Bayuo J., Abdullai A.M., Bayetimani K., Optimization using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) for biosorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous media, Applied Water Science 10 (2020) 1-12.
Burakov A., Romantsova I., Kucherova A., Tkachev A. Removal of Heavy-metal Ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon: effect of Adsorbent Surface Modification Wit Carbon Nanotubes, Tambov State Technical University 32 (2014) 737-747.
Celzard A., Marêché J.F., Furdin G., Modelling of exfoliated graphite, Progress in Materials Science 50 (2005) 93–179.
Chakraborty R., Anupama A., Ajaya K.S., Adsorption of heavy metal ions by various low-cost adsorbents: a review, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 102 (2022) 342-379.
Chen X., Modeling of experiential adsorption isotherm data, Information 6 (2015) 14-22.
Cruz-Lopes L.P., Macena M., Esteves B., Guiné R.P.F., Ideal pH for the adsorption of metal ions Cr6+, Ni2+, Pb2+ in aqueous solution with different adsorbent materials, De Gruyter 6 (2021) 115–123.
Darweesh M.A., Elgendy M.Y, Ayad M.I, Ahmed A., Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and optimization studies for copper (II) removal from aqueous solutions by banana leaves and derived activated carbon, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 40 (2022) 10–20.
Dowlatshahi Sh., Haratinezhad T.A.R., Loloei M., Adsorption of copper, lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from saffron leaves, Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 1 (2014) 37–44.
Duan C., Ma T., Wang J., Zhou Y., Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using carbon-based adsorbents: A review, Journal of Water Process Engineering 37 (2020) 101339.
Farimaniraad H., Pardakhti A., Kalarestaghi H., Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in ground drinking water wells of Bandar Abbas, Pollution 7 (2021) 395-404.
Fergusson L., Three novel methods for removing inorganic species from contaminated industrial storm water at a Smelter site in London, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 3 (2015) 115-121.
Falsafi M.H., Moghaddas M., Moghaddas J.S., Removal of heavy metals from synthetic wastewater using silica aerogel- activated carbon composite by adsorption method, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 13 (2020) 89-95.
Geremew B., and Zewde D., Hagenia abyssinica leaf powder as a novel low-cost adsorbent for removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution: Optimization, isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies, Environmental Technology & Innovation 28 (2022) 102577.
Głowacz C.D., Prospects of using melamine solutions in reactive solvents in polymer technology, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów 67 (2013) 289-300.
Gupta M., Savla N., Pandit C., Pandit S., Gupta P.K., Pant M., Khilari S., Kumar Y., Agarwal D., Nair R.R., Thomas D., Thakur V.K., Use of biomass-derived biochar in wastewater treatment and power production: A promising solution for a sustainable environment, The Science of the total environment, 825 (2022) 153892.
Hadiani M.R., Khosravi K., Rahimifard N., Younesi H., Biosorption of low concentration levels of Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Response surface methodology, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology15 (2018) 25-34.
Hou B., Sun H.j., Peng T.j., Zhang X.Y., Rapid preparation of expanded graphite at low temperature, New Carbon Materials 35 (2020) 262-268.
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Jiao X., Zhang L., Qiu Y., Yuanab Y., A new adsorbent of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution synthesized by mechanochemical preparation of sulfonated expanded graphite, RSC advances, 7(61), (2017), 38350-38359.
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Kheradmand A., Negarestani M., Mollahosseini A., Low-cost treated lignocellulosic biomass waste supported with FeCl3/Zn(NO3)2 for water decolorization, Scientific Reports, 12(1), (2022), 16442.
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Liu T., Zhang R., Zhang X., Liu K., One-step room-temperature preparation of expanded graphite, Carbon 119 (2017) 544-547.
Liu W., Wang T., Borthwick A.G.L., Wang Y., Yin X., Li X., Ni J., Adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ onto titanate nanotubes: Competition and effect of inorganic ions, Science of the Total Environment, 456, (2013), 171–180.
Malise L., Rutto H., Seodigeng T., Sibali L., Ndibewu P., Adsorption of lead ions onto chemical activated carbon derived from waste tire pyrolysis char: Equilibrium and kinetics studies, Chemical Engineering Transactions 82 (2020) 421-426.
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Mohanraj j., Durgalakshmi D., Balakumar S., Low cost and quick time absorption of organic dye pollutants under ambient condition using partially exfoliated graphite, Journal of Water Process Engineering 34 (2020) 101078.
Negarestani M., Mollahosseini A., Farimaniraad H., Ghiasinejad H., Shayesteh H., Kheradmand A., Efficient removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ibuprofen by polypyrrole-functionalized magnetic zeolite from aqueous solution: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies, Separation and Purification Technology 58 (2022) 435-453.
Nouri S., Effect of functional groups and pH on the affinity and adsorption capacity of activated carbon: Comparison of homogeneous and binary Langmuir model parameters, Adsorption Science & Technology 21 (2003) 511-524.
Ocreto J., Go C.I., Chua J.C., Apacible C.J., Vilando A., Competitive effects for the adsorption of copper, cadmium and lead ions using modified activated carbon from bamboo, MATEC Web of Conferences, 268, (2019), 06021.
Park J.H., Ok Y.S., Kim S.H., Cho J.S., Heo J.S., Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions, Chemosphere 142 (2016) 77-83 .
Parmar P., Shukla A., Goswami D., Patel B., Saraf M., Optimization of cadmium and lead bio sorption onto marine Vibrio alginolyticus PBR1 employing a Box-Behnken design, Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 4 (2020) 100043.
Rao M., Parwate A.V., Bhole A.G., Kadu P.A., Performance of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of copper and lead, Journal of Water Supply 52 (2003) 49 – 58.
Ren B., Xu Y., Zhang L., Liu Z., Carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride as environment-benign adsorbent for methylene blue adsorption: Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics study, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 88 (2018) 114–120.
Savaloni H., and Savari R., Nano-structural variations of ZnO:N thin films as a function of deposition angle and annealing conditions: XRD, AFM, FESEM and EDS analyses 214 (2018) 402 - 420.
Shafiq M., Alazba A.A., Tahir A. M., Kinetic and isotherm studies of Ni2+ and Pb2+ adsorption from synthetic wastewater using Eucalyptus camdulensis- Derived bio char, Sustainability 13 (2021) 3785.
Shen W., Li Z., Liu Y., Surface Chemical Functional Groups Modification of Porous Carbon. Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering 1 (2008) 27- 40.
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Taherian R., Kausar, A., application of polymer-based composites: Bipolar plate of PEM fuel cells, Electrical Conductivity in Polymer-Based Composites, Eds, (2018), 183-237.
Tahoon M.A, Siddeeg, S. M., Salem Alsaiari, N., Mnif, W., Ben Rebah, Effective heavy metals removal from water using nanomaterials. A review:processes, 8(6), (2020), 645.
Tang C., Shu Y., Zhang R., Li X., Comparison of the removal and adsorption mechanisms of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from Typha angustifolia and Salix matsudana, RSC Advances 7 (2017) 16092 - 16103.
Wadhawan Sh., Jain A., Jasamrit N., Kumar M.S., Role of nanomaterials as adsorbents in heavy metal ion removal from wastewater: A review, Journal of Water Process Engineering 33 (2020) 101038.
Wang J., and Guo X., Adsorption kinetic models: Physical meanings, applications, and solving methods, Journal of Hazardous Materials 390 (2020) 122156.
Yuan W., Juan C., Hexiang H., Xiong S., Gao J., Optimization of cadmium biosorption by Shewanella putrefaciens using a Box-Behnken design, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 175 (2019) 138–147.
Zhang Q., Hou Q., Huang G., Fan Q., Removal of heavy metals in aquatic environment by graphene oxide composites, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020) 190-209.
Imran Ali A., Peng C., Naz I., Removal of lead and cadmium ions by single and binary systems using phytogenic magnetic nanoparticles functionalized by 3-marcaptopropanic acid, Materials and Product Engineering 27 (2018) 949 – 964.
Jiao X., Zhang L., Qiu Y., Yuanab Y., A new adsorbent of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution synthesized by mechanochemical preparation of sulfonated expanded graphite, RSC advances, 7(61), (2017), 38350-38359.
Jin H., Ji Z., Yuan J., Li J., Liu M., Xu C., Dong J., Research on removal of fluoride in aqueous solution by alumina-modified expanded graphite composite, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 620 (2015) 361–367.
Kajjumba G.W., Emik S., Öngen A., Özcan H.K., Modelling of adsorption kinetic processes—errors, theory and application, advanced sorption process applications, Advanced Sorption Process Applications, IntechOpen, (2018) 1 - 19.
Kheradmand A., Negarestani M., Mollahosseini A., Low-cost treated lignocellulosic biomass waste supported with FeCl3/Zn(NO3)2 for water decolorization, Scientific Reports, 12(1), (2022), 16442.
Liao N., Li Y., Shan J., Tianbin Z., Improved oxidation resistance of expanded graphite through nano SiC coating, Ceramics International 44 (2017) 3319-3325.
Liu T., Zhang R., Zhang X., Liu K., One-step room-temperature preparation of expanded graphite, Carbon 119 (2017) 544-547.
Liu W., Wang T., Borthwick A.G.L., Wang Y., Yin X., Li X., Ni J., Adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ onto titanate nanotubes: Competition and effect of inorganic ions, Science of the Total Environment, 456, (2013), 171–180.
Malise L., Rutto H., Seodigeng T., Sibali L., Ndibewu P., Adsorption of lead ions onto chemical activated carbon derived from waste tire pyrolysis char: Equilibrium and kinetics studies, Chemical Engineering Transactions 82 (2020) 421-426.
Meibodi F., and Soori E., Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) coated with fatty acids and surfactants and their application in demulsification of crude oil-in-water emulsions, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 9 (2022) 76-84.
Mirzaee E., and Sartaj M., Activated carbon‐based magnetic composite as an adsorbent for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous phase: Characterization, adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 6 (2022) 100083.
Mohanraj j., Durgalakshmi D., Balakumar S., Low cost and quick time absorption of organic dye pollutants under ambient condition using partially exfoliated graphite, Journal of Water Process Engineering 34 (2020) 101078.
Negarestani M., Mollahosseini A., Farimaniraad H., Ghiasinejad H., Shayesteh H., Kheradmand A., Efficient removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ibuprofen by polypyrrole-functionalized magnetic zeolite from aqueous solution: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies, Separation and Purification Technology 58 (2022) 435-453.
Nouri S., Effect of functional groups and pH on the affinity and adsorption capacity of activated carbon: Comparison of homogeneous and binary Langmuir model parameters, Adsorption Science & Technology 21 (2003) 511-524.
Ocreto J., Go C.I., Chua J.C., Apacible C.J., Vilando A., Competitive effects for the adsorption of copper, cadmium and lead ions using modified activated carbon from bamboo, MATEC Web of Conferences, 268, (2019), 06021.
Park J.H., Ok Y.S., Kim S.H., Cho J.S., Heo J.S., Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions, Chemosphere 142 (2016) 77-83 .
Parmar P., Shukla A., Goswami D., Patel B., Saraf M., Optimization of cadmium and lead bio sorption onto marine Vibrio alginolyticus PBR1 employing a Box-Behnken design, Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 4 (2020) 100043.
Rao M., Parwate A.V., Bhole A.G., Kadu P.A., Performance of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of copper and lead, Journal of Water Supply 52 (2003) 49 – 58.
Ren B., Xu Y., Zhang L., Liu Z., Carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride as environment-benign adsorbent for methylene blue adsorption: Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics study, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 88 (2018) 114–120.
Savaloni H., and Savari R., Nano-structural variations of ZnO:N thin films as a function of deposition angle and annealing conditions: XRD, AFM, FESEM and EDS analyses 214 (2018) 402 - 420.
Shafiq M., Alazba A.A., Tahir A. M., Kinetic and isotherm studies of Ni2+ and Pb2+ adsorption from synthetic wastewater using Eucalyptus camdulensis- Derived bio char, Sustainability 13 (2021) 3785.
Shen W., Li Z., Liu Y., Surface Chemical Functional Groups Modification of Porous Carbon. Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering 1 (2008) 27- 40.
Sun Y.p., Ha W., Chen J., Qi H.y., Shi Y.p., Advances and applications of graphitic carbon nitride as sorbent in analytical chemistry for sample pretreatment: A review, Trends in Analytical Chemistry 84 (2016) 12- 21.
Taherian R., Kausar, A., application of polymer-based composites: Bipolar plate of PEM fuel cells, Electrical Conductivity in Polymer-Based Composites, Eds, (2018), 183-237.
Tahoon M.A, Siddeeg, S. M., Salem Alsaiari, N., Mnif, W., Ben Rebah, Effective heavy metals removal from water using nanomaterials. A review:processes, 8(6), (2020), 645.
Tang C., Shu Y., Zhang R., Li X., Comparison of the removal and adsorption mechanisms of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from Typha angustifolia and Salix matsudana, RSC Advances 7 (2017) 16092 - 16103.
Wadhawan Sh., Jain A., Jasamrit N., Kumar M.S., Role of nanomaterials as adsorbents in heavy metal ion removal from wastewater: A review, Journal of Water Process Engineering 33 (2020) 101038.
Wang J., and Guo X., Adsorption kinetic models: Physical meanings, applications, and solving methods, Journal of Hazardous Materials 390 (2020) 122156.
Yuan W., Juan C., Hexiang H., Xiong S., Gao J., Optimization of cadmium biosorption by Shewanella putrefaciens using a Box-Behnken design, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 175 (2019) 138–147.
Zhang Q., Hou Q., Huang G., Fan Q., Removal of heavy metals in aquatic environment by graphene oxide composites, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020) 190-209.
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