Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
Abstract
The creation of very pollute palm oil mill waste water has resulted in semiserious environmental hazards. The reason for the current study is to test the optimal removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) from palm oil mill waste water by filtration using inexpensive filters media in place of current methods, to remove ammonia nitrogen from palm oil mill effluent. A series of batch and column studies were conducted using a different particle size of limestone (4, 12 and 20 mm) at various filtration rates of 20 ml/min, 60 ml/min and 100 ml/min. An experimental model design was conducted using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM was used to calculate the outcomes of process variables and their role in reaching ideal conditions. Equilibrium isotherms in this study were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Using statistical analysis, the NH3–N removal model proved to be very significant with very low probability values (0.0001). The column study showed that ideal NH3-N removal was attained using a lower flow rate and smaller sized limestone (LS). The ideal conditions found when using 4 mm limestone and a 20 ml/min flow rate. This resulted in 45.3% removal of NH3–N which was seen in the predicted model, and fit well with the laboratory results (45%). The adsorption isotherm data fit the Langmuir isotherm.
Keywords
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Metcalf and Eddy I., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, fourth ed. McGraw-Hill Co. New York (2004).
Montgomery C.D. Design and Analysis of Experiments6th Ed, John Wiley and Sons, USA (2005).
Myers R.H., Montgomery D.C., Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization using Designed Experiments2nd Ed, John Wiley and Sons, USA (2002).
Myers R.H., Anderson-Cook C.M., Montgomery D.C., Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics: Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments (2016).
Ölmez T., The optimization of Cr (VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology, Journal of Hazardous Materials 162 (2009) 1371-1378.
Ozturk N., Bektas T.E., Nitrate removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto various materials, Journal of Hazardous Materials 112 (2004) 155–162.
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Sarioglu M., Removal of ammonium from municipal wastewater using natural Turkish (Dogantepe) zeolite, Separation and Purification Technology 41 (2005) 1–11.
Weber T.W., Chakravorti R.K., Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed‐bed adsorbers, AIChE Journal (1974) 228-238.
Wegelin M., Horizontal roughing filtration: a design, construction and operation manual, CEPIS (1988).
Wong F.M., A review on the progress of compliance with the palm oil control regulations. Seminar on Advances in Palm Oil Effluent Control Technology, Kuala Lumpur, (1980) pp. 142–149.
Yusof B., The palm oil industry, export trade and future trends. In Selected readings on palm oil and its uses. PORIM report. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM), Serdang, Malaysia (1994). pp. 212-221.
Zakaria S.N.F.B. Peat water treatment using Limestone and Natural Zeolite. M.Sc, Universiti Sains Malaysia (2013).
Zhang Y., Li Y.X., Qiao L., Xiangjun N., Zhijian M., Zjang Z., Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent, Journal of Environmental Sciences 20 (2008) 558-564.
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