Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Civil Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran.
Abstract
Oily pollutants, such as 4-nitrophenol, are unavoidable problems. One of the methods employed for treating wastewater polluted with 4-nitrophenol is the use of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). The present research compared, for the first time, the two common types of media (Kaldness K1 and Bee Cell 2000) in MBBR for treating wastewater polluted with 4-nitrophenol, and determined and reported the optimum conditions for media types and heat. A biofilm layer was first formed on the surface of the media in each reactor, and then the microorganisms were acclimatized to the contaminants. Following that, changes in efficiency with variations in initial COD concentration (400-2,500 mg/l), retention time (8, 12, 24, and 48 h), and filling ratio (30, 50, and 70 %) in the two reactors were determined and compared. The highest efficiencies (84 and 80 percent for the reactor with Bee Cell 2000 media and that with Kaldness K1 media, respectively) were observed. Both reactors containing Bee Cell 2000 media and Kaldness K1 media were very capable of treating wastewater polluted with 4-nitrophenol at 20 °C. Still, the reactor that included the Bee Cell 2000 media yielded better results compared to that containing the Kaldness K1 media.
Keywords
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Melo, L.F. and Vieira, M.J. (1999) ‘Physical stability and biological activity of biofilms under turbulent flow and low substrate concentration’, Bioprocess Engineering, 20(4), pp.363-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004490050604
Moghadam, M.T. and Qaderi, F. (2019) ‘Modeling of petroleum wastewater treatment by Fe/Zn nanoparticles using the response surface methodology and enhancing the efficiency by scavenger’, Results in Physics, 15, pp. 102566-102576. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102566
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Anitha, P., Kavitha, N. and Palanivelu, K. (2011) ‘Removal and recovery of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solution using natural solid triglycerides’, Desalination, 272(1-3), pp. 196-200. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.019
Eaton, A. D. APHA (American Public Health Association), AWWA (American Water Works Association), and WEF (Water Environment Federation)(2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21th ed. Method.
Babanezhad, E. et al. (2017) ‘Investigating nitrogen removal using simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in transferring wastewater through collection networks with small-diameter pipes’. Water Practice and Technology, 12(2), pp. 396-405. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.044
Chen, S., Sun, D. and Chung, J.S., (2008) ‘Simultaneous removal of COD and ammonium from landfill leachate using an anaerobic–aerobic moving-bed biofilm reactor system’, Waste Management, 28(2), pp. 339-346. Available at: https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/23012 (Accessed date: 14 May 2025).
Dabbaghi, F., Rashidi, M., Nehdi, M. L., Sadeghi, H., Karimaei, M., Rasekh, H., & Qaderi, F. (2021) ‘Experimental and informational modeling study on flexural strength of eco-friendly concrete incorporating coal waste’, Sustainability, 13 (13), pp. 7506. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137506
Delnavaz, M., Ayati, B. and Ganjidoust, H. (2009) ‘Treatment of wastewater containing aniline using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)’, Journal of Water and Wastewater, 68, pp.9-18. Available at: https://www.wwjournal.ir/article_1696_en.html (Accessed date: 20 April 2025).
Ebrahimi Ghadi M, Qaderi, F. and Babanezhad E (2019) ‘Prediction of mortality resulted from NO2 concentration in Tehran by Air Q+ software and artificial neural network’, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16 (3), pp. 1351–1368, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1818-4
Ebrahimi, M. and Qaderi, F. (2021) ‘Determination of the most effective control methods of SO2 pollution in Tehran based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system’, Chemosphere, 263, pp. 128002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128002
Farzinfar, B. and Qaderi, F. (2022) ‘Synergistic degradation of aqueous p-nitrophenol using DBD plasma combined with ZnO photocatalyst’, Process Safety Aand Environmental Protection, 168, pp. 907-917. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.10.060
Ghaderi, M., Asadi, P. and Kouhirostamkolaei, M. (2020) ‘Applying response surface methodology on the results of serial sequencing batch moving bed reactor’, SN Applied Sciences, 2(1), pp. 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1894-1
Ghaderi, M., Tamadoni, A. and Mahdizadeh, A. (2019) ‘Introducing an applied reactor for treatment of wastewater containing propylene glycol’, SN Applied Sciences, 1(12), pp. 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1638-2
Haydar, S. et al. (2003) ‘Adsorption of p-nitrophenol on an activated carbon with different oxidations’, Carbon, 41(3), pp. 387-395. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00344-5
Hosseini, S.H. and Borghei, S.M. (2005) ‘The treatment of phenolic wastewater using a moving bed bio-reactor’, Process Biochemistry, 40(3), pp. 1027-1031. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.05.002
Ødegaard, H., Gisvold, B. and Strickland, J. (2000) ‘The influence of carrier size and shape in the moving bed biofilm process’, Water Science and Technology, 41(4-5), pp. 383-391. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0470
Khalegh, R. and Qaderi, F. (2019) ‘Optimization of the effect of nanoparticle morphologies on the cost of dye wastewater treatment via ultrasonic/photocatalytic hybrid process’, Applied Nanoscience, 9(8), pp. 1869–1889. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-00984-9
Khourshidi, A. and Qaderi, F. (2023) ‘The use of response surface methodology for modeling and optimizing of p-nitrophenol contaminated water treatment process conducted by the non-thermal plasma discharge technology’, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 10 (1), pp. 80-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2023.8527.1275
Lee, W.N., Kang, I.J. and Lee, C.H. (2006) ‘Factors affecting filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled moving bed biofilm reactor’, Water Research, 40(9), pp. 1827-1835. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.007
Melo, L.F. and Vieira, M.J. (1999) ‘Physical stability and biological activity of biofilms under turbulent flow and low substrate concentration’, Bioprocess Engineering, 20(4), pp.363-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004490050604
Moghadam, M.T. and Qaderi, F. (2019) ‘Modeling of petroleum wastewater treatment by Fe/Zn nanoparticles using the response surface methodology and enhancing the efficiency by scavenger’, Results in Physics, 15, pp. 102566-102576. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102566
Naeemah Bashara, A. and Qaderi, F. (2024) ‘Investigation of integrated model for optimizing the performance of urban wastewater system’, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 11 (1) , pp. 83-89, https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2023.8617.1276
Qaderi, F., Ayati, B. and Ganjidoust, H. (2011) ‘Role of moving bed biofilm reactor and sequencing batch reactor in biological degradation of formaldehyde wastewater’, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 8(4), pp 337-346. Available at: https://ijehse.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jehse/article/view/322 (Accessed date: 5 June 2025).
Rusten, B. et al. (2000) ‘Pilot testing and preliminary design of moving bed biofilm reactors for nitrogen removal at the FREVAR wastewater treatment plant’, Water Science and Technology, 41(4-5), pp.13-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0419
Sheikholeslami, Z., YousefiKebria, D. and Qaderi, F. (2020) ‘Application of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for pollution removal from water with visible light’, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 299, pp. 112-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112118
Tang, D. et al. (2007) ‘Adsorption of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon fiber’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1-2), pp. 49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.066
Taghizadeh M., Yousefi Kebria D. and Qaderi F. (2019) ‘Effect of biosurfactant as a novel draw solution on photocatalytic treatment and desalination of produced water by different forward osmosis membranes’, Water Science & Technology, Water Supply, 20(1), pp. 240-250. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2166/ws.2019.154
Wang, J. et al. (2018) ‘Catalytic PVDF membrane for continuous reduction and separation of p-nitrophenol and methylene blue in emulsified oil solution’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 334, pp. 579–586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2017.10.055
Xiong, Z. et al. (2019) ‘Removal of nitrophenols and their derivatives by chemical redox: A review’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 359, pp. 13-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.111
Xiao, L.W., Rodgers, M. and Mulqueen, J. (2007) ‘Organic carbon and nitrogen removal from strong wastewater using a denitrifying suspended growth reactor and a horizontal-flow biofilm reactor’, Bioresource Technology, 98(4), pp. 739-744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.04.015
Yan, X. et al. (2020) ‘Multi-catalysis of nano-zinc oxide for bisphenol A degradation in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma system: Effect and mechanism’, Separation and Purification Technology, 231, p. 115897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115897
Yavari, S.M. and Qaderi F. (2020) ‘Determination of thermal pollution of water resources caused by Neka power plant through processing satellite imagery’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22 (3), pp. 1953-1975. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2
Zhao, B. et al. (2010) ‘Degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using Fe-TiO2 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst’, Journal of Hazardous Materials,176(1-3), pp. 569-574. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.066
Zhao, H. and Kong, C.H. (2018) ‘Enhanced removal of p-nitrophenol in a microbial fuel cell after long-term operation and the catabolic versatility of its microbial community’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 339, pp. 424–431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2018.01.158
Rusten, B. et al. (2000) ‘Pilot testing and preliminary design of moving bed biofilm reactors for nitrogen removal at the FREVAR wastewater treatment plant’, Water Science and Technology, 41(4-5), pp.13-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0419
Sheikholeslami, Z., YousefiKebria, D. and Qaderi, F. (2020) ‘Application of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for pollution removal from water with visible light’, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 299, pp. 112-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112118
Tang, D. et al. (2007) ‘Adsorption of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon fiber’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1-2), pp. 49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.066
Taghizadeh M., Yousefi Kebria D. and Qaderi F. (2019) ‘Effect of biosurfactant as a novel draw solution on photocatalytic treatment and desalination of produced water by different forward osmosis membranes’, Water Science & Technology, Water Supply, 20(1), pp. 240-250. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2166/ws.2019.154
Wang, J. et al. (2018) ‘Catalytic PVDF membrane for continuous reduction and separation of p-nitrophenol and methylene blue in emulsified oil solution’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 334, pp. 579–586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2017.10.055
Xiong, Z. et al. (2019) ‘Removal of nitrophenols and their derivatives by chemical redox: A review’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 359, pp. 13-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.111
Xiao, L.W., Rodgers, M. and Mulqueen, J. (2007) ‘Organic carbon and nitrogen removal from strong wastewater using a denitrifying suspended growth reactor and a horizontal-flow biofilm reactor’, Bioresource Technology, 98(4), pp. 739-744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.04.015
Yan, X. et al. (2020) ‘Multi-catalysis of nano-zinc oxide for bisphenol A degradation in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma system: Effect and mechanism’, Separation and Purification Technology, 231, p. 115897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115897
Yavari, S.M. and Qaderi F. (2020) ‘Determination of thermal pollution of water resources caused by Neka power plant through processing satellite imagery’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22 (3), pp. 1953-1975. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2
Zhao, B. et al. (2010) ‘Degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using Fe-TiO2 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst’, Journal of Hazardous Materials,176(1-3), pp. 569-574. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.066
Zhao, H. and Kong, C.H. (2018) ‘Enhanced removal of p-nitrophenol in a microbial fuel cell after long-term operation and the catabolic versatility of its microbial community’, Chemical Engineering Journal, 339, pp. 424–431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2018.01.158
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