Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Al-Qadissiyeah Environment Directorate, Ministry of Environment, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.
2 Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.
3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
Abstract
The study aims to show the role of pH value and the feasible mechanisms that affect the adsorption capacity by the theoretical concept and experimental work. The protonation, ionization, hydrophobicity, dissociation, precipitation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, electrical repulsion or interaction, ion exchange, and complexation and chelating are effective mechanisms that have been studied theoretically to show their essential role in the absorption process and how they are affected by the pH value. Moreover, using varied pH values (2, 4, 6.5, 9, 11, and 13) to verify experimentally the role of the studied mechanisms on the adsorption capacity utilizing the recycled bentonite waste as adsorbent to adsorb the heavy metals, methylene blue dye, and engine oil as adsorbates from aqueous solution. It was apparent that the pH solution has an influential role in the adsorption capacity and from the difficulty in predicting the effect without making the experimental investigations due to the nature of the adsorbent and adsorbate that affected the ten mechanisms where the pH of the high adsorption capacity for heavy metal was alkaline (>11) and for the methylene blue and engine oil was neutral(≈ 6.5).
Keywords
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Cao, L. et al. (2019) ePreparation and characteristics of bentonite.zeolite adsorbent and its application in swine wastewaterf, Bioresource Technology, 284, pp. 448.455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.043
Celebi, H., Gok, G. and Gok, O. (2020) eAdsorption capability of brewed tea waste in waters containing toxic lead(II), cadmium (II), nickel (II), and zinc(II) heavy metal ionsf, Scientific Reports, 10(1), p. 17570. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74553-4
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Deng, S. et al. (2010) ePreparation, characterization and application of a Ce.Ti oxide adsorbent for enhanced removal of arsenate from waterf, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1.3), pp. 1014.1021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.106
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Ibrahim, K. et al. (2016) ePreparation of Chito-Oligomers by Hydrolysis of Chitosan in the Presence of Zeolite as Adsorbentf, Marine Drugs, 14(8), p. 43. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/md14080043
Ibrahim, S., Wang, S. and Ang, H.M. (2010) eRemoval of emulsified oil from oily wastewater using agricultural waste barley strawf, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 49(1), pp. 78.83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.11.013
Islam, Md.A., Awual, Md.R. and Angove, M.J. (2019) eA review on nickel(II) adsorption in single and binary component systems and future pathf, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5), p. 103305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103305
Ji, Y. et al. (2022) eThe effect of carbonization temperature on the capacity and mechanisms of Cd (II)-Pb (II) mix-ions adsorption by wood ear mushroom sticks derived biocharf, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 239, p. 113646. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113646
Khan, M.I. (2020) eAdsorption of methylene blue onto natural Saudi Red Clay: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studiesf, Materials Research Express, 7(5), p. 055507. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab903c
Kong, Q. et al. (2020) eRelations between metal ion characteristics and adsorption performance of graphene oxide: A comprehensive experimental and theoretical studyf, Separation and Purification Technology, 232, p. 115956. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115956
Li, Y. and Wei, M. (2022) eEvaluation on adsorption capacity of low organic matter soil for hydrophobic organic pollutantf, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), p. 107561. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107561
Liu, L. et al. (2015) eAdsorption Removal of Dyes from Single and Binary Solutions Using a Cellulose-based Bioadsorbentf, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 3(3), pp. 432.442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500848m
Ma, X. et al. (2015) eModification of porous starch for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutionf, Food Chemistry, 181, pp. 133.139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.089
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Medeiros Borsagli, F.G.L. et al. (2015) ‘O-carboxymethyl functionalization of chitosan: Complexation and adsorption of Cd (II) and Cr (VI) as heavy metal pollutant ions’, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 97, pp. 37–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.10.005
Oliveira, M.R.F. et al. (2021) ‘Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) palm tree biomass as adsorbent for Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water medium’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(15), pp. 18941–18952. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07635-5
Owhonka, A., Fubara, E. and Otto, B. (2023) ‘Wastewater Quality-It’s Impact on the Environment and Human Physiology: A Review’, pp. 43–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.51976/ijari.942107
Puchongkawarin, C., Mattaraj, S. and Umpuch, C. (2021) ‘Experimental and modeling studies of methylene blue adsorption onto Na-Bentonite clay’, Engineering and Applied Science Research, 48(3), pp. 268–279. doi: https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/240502
Qiu, B. et al. (2021) ‘Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: A review’, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 155, p. 105081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105081
Romdhane, D.F. et al. (2020) ‘Adsorption, modeling, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies of methyl red removal from textile-polluted water using natural and purified organic matter rich clays as low-cost adsorbent’, Journal of Chemistry, 2020, p. 4376173 doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4376173
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Oliveira, M.R.F. et al. (2021) ‘Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) palm tree biomass as adsorbent for Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water medium’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(15), pp. 18941–18952. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07635-5
Owhonka, A., Fubara, E. and Otto, B. (2023) ‘Wastewater Quality-It’s Impact on the Environment and Human Physiology: A Review’, pp. 43–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.51976/ijari.942107
Puchongkawarin, C., Mattaraj, S. and Umpuch, C. (2021) ‘Experimental and modeling studies of methylene blue adsorption onto Na-Bentonite clay’, Engineering and Applied Science Research, 48(3), pp. 268–279. doi: https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/240502
Qiu, B. et al. (2021) ‘Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: A review’, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 155, p. 105081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105081
Romdhane, D.F. et al. (2020) ‘Adsorption, modeling, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies of methyl red removal from textile-polluted water using natural and purified organic matter rich clays as low-cost adsorbent’, Journal of Chemistry, 2020, p. 4376173 doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4376173
Sarran, M.A. et al. (2024) ‘Oily wastewater treatment using low-cost and highly efficient natural and activated Iraqi bentonite’, Desalination and Water Treatment, 319, p. 100412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100412
Schiewer, S. and Patil, S.B. (2008) ‘Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 157(1), pp. 8–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.076
Shtepliuk, I. et al. (2017) ‘On the interaction of toxic Heavy Metals (Cd, Hg, Pb) with graphene quantum dots and infinite graphene’, Scientific Reports, 7(1), p. 3934. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04339-8
Shubber, M.D. and Kebria, D.Y. (2023) ‘Thermal Recycling of Bentonite Waste as a Novel and a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal’, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(5), pp. 288–305. doi: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/161805
Soliman, N.K. and Moustafa, A.F. (2020) ‘Industrial solid waste for heavy metals adsorption features and challenges; a review’, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5), pp. 10235–10253. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.045
Tatarchuk, T., Soltys, L. and Macyk, W. (2023) ‘Magnetic adsorbents for removal of pharmaceuticals: A review of adsorption properties’, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 384, p. 122174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122174
Tollini, F. et al. (2022) ‘Influence of pH on the kinetics of hydrolysis reactions: the case of epichlorohydrin and glycidol’, Reaction Chemistry & Engineering, 7(10), pp. 2211–2223. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RE00191H
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