Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2 Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2024.9564.1307
Abstract
This study explored the efficacy of a cost-efficient activated carbon (AC) derived from natural bitumen through chemical activation with phosphoric acid. The objective was to evaluate bitumen-based activated carbon (AC) potential as a novel adsorbent by integrating Cu (NO3)2.3H2O onto AC for the removal of harmful dyes from water-based solutions. Assessments of the adsorption capabilities of Cu@AC were conducted using representative samples of cationic and anionic dyes, namely methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The incorporation of Cu onto the AC, leading to the formation of Cu@AC, resulted in a significant enhancement of the adsorption capacity of AC. The adsorption capacity of Cu@AC was measured using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and iodine number measurements, with the most optimal Cu@AC sample exhibiting a BET surface area of 611 m2/g. Surface chemical properties were analyzed through FT-IR spectroscopy, while the microstructure of the produced Cu@AC was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The efficiency of the adsorption process was influenced by factors such as pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The most effective processing conditions for dye removal were determined as pH 11 for MB and pH 5 for MO, with an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, a 0.5 g/L adsorbent dosage, and a temperature of 333 K for a duration of 90 min. Under these optimized conditions, removal efficiencies exceeded 90% for MO and 80% for MB. The results demonstrated that Cu@AC has the potential to function as a cost-effective alternative to commercially available activated carbons for efficiently eliminating dyes from contaminated water.
Keywords
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Ali, R. et al. (2020) 'BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from waste oil fly ash', Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 44(2), pp. 279-295. doi: http://doi:10.3906/kim-1909-20
Alsukaibi, A. K. D. (2022) 'Various approaches for the detoxification of toxic dyes in wastewater', Processes, 10(10), 1968. doi: ARWW-2309-1307 (R2)-5-21 new.docx
Annadurai G., Juang R.S., and Lee D.J. (2002) 'Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions', J Hazard Mater, 92(3), pp. 263-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00017-1
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Ghorbani, F. and Kamari, S. (2016) 'Application of response surface methodology for optimization of methyl orange adsorption by Fe-grafting sugar beet bagasse', Adsorption Science & Technology, 35(3-4), pp. 317-338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617416675625
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Kamdod, A. S., and Kumar, M. V. P. (2022) 'Adsorption of methylene blue, methyl orange, and crystal violet on microporous coconut shell activated carbon and Its composite with chitosan: Isotherms and kinetics', Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(12), pp. 5274-5289. doi: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28270
Khodaie, M. et al. (2013) 'Removal of methylene blue from wastewater by adsorption onto ZnCl2 activated corn husk carbon equilibrium studies', Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 383985. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/383985
Lamari R., Benotmane B., and Mostefa F. (2022) 'Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using zeolitic imidazolate framework-11: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and error analysis', Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 41(6), pp. 1985-1999. doi: https://doi.org/10.30492/IJCCE.2021.131068.4236
Masoudian S., Rasoulifard M.H. and Pakravan P. (2015) 'Degradation of acid red 14 in contaminated water by Ag-SiO2 nanocomposite', Indian Journal of Chemistry A (IJC-A), 54 A(6), pp. 757-761. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/31678/2/IJCA%2054A(6)%20757-761.pdf (Accessed date: 24 June 2023).
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Munyegaju, J. et al. (2022) 'Textile effluent treatment using Avocado seeds based activated carbon', Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 9(1), pp. 83-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2022.8008.1258
Ngueabouo, A. M. S. et al. (2022) 'Strategy for optimizing the synthesis and characterization of activated carbons obtained by chemical activation of coffee husk', Materials Advances, 3(22), pp. 8361-8374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00591C
Pakravan, P. (2017) 'The possibility of selective Adsorption and sensing of the noble gaseous species by the C20 fullerene, the graphene sheets, and the N4B4 cluster', Journal of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, 14(1), pp. 15-24. https://jptc.srbiau.ac.ir/article_10951.html (Accessed date: 11 July 2023).
Pakravan, P. (2018) 'Spontaneous adsorption, and selective sensing of CO, and CO2 greenhouse gaseous species by the more stable forms of N4B4 clusters', Physical Chemistry Research, 6(2), pp. 377-385. doi: https://doi.org/10.22036/pcr.2018.111823.1444
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Rocher, V. et al. (2008) 'Removal of organic dyes by magnetic alginate beads', Water Research, 42(4), pp. 1290-1298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.024
Saka, C. (2012) 'BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95, pp. 21-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020
Shafeii Darabi S.F., Bahramifar N. and Khalilzadeh M.A. (2018) 'Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetics studies on adsorption of eosin Y and red X-GRL from aqueous solution by treated rice husk', Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 5(1), pp. 392-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2018.866
Shahrezaei, F. et al. (2018) 'Photoinduced pyrene degradation in contaminated soils by polyaniline coated photocatalysts', Indian Journal of Chemistry A (IJCA), 57(5), pp. 610-618. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/44396/1/IJCA%2057A%285%29%20610-618.pdf (Accessed date: 9 August 2023).
Sharma, S. et al. (2021) 'Biomass-derived activated carbon-supported copper catalyst: An efficient heterogeneous magnetic catalyst for base-free Chan–Lam coupling and oxidations', American Chemical Society Omega, 6(30), pp. 19529-19545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c01830
Abbass, R. et al. (2022) 'Using the aluminum decorated graphitic-C3N4 quantum dote (QD) as a sensor, sorbent, and photocatalyst for artificial photosynthesis; a DFT study', Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 117, 108302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108302
Abdedayem A., Guiza M., and Ouederni A. (2015) 'Copper supported on porous activated carbon obtained by wetness impregnation: Effect of preparation conditions on the ozonation catalyst's characteristics', Comptes Rendus Chimie, 18(1), pp. 100-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2014.07.011
Alencar, W. S. et al. (2012) 'Application of Mangifera indica (mango) seeds as a biosorbent for removal of Victazol Orange 3R dye from aqueous solution and study of the biosorption mechanism', Chemical Engineering Journal, 209, pp. 577-588. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.053
Ali, R. et al. (2020) 'BET, FTIR, and RAMAN characterizations of activated carbon from waste oil fly ash', Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 44(2), pp. 279-295. doi: http://doi:10.3906/kim-1909-20
Alsukaibi, A. K. D. (2022) 'Various approaches for the detoxification of toxic dyes in wastewater', Processes, 10(10), 1968. doi: ARWW-2309-1307 (R2)-5-21 new.docx
Annadurai G., Juang R.S., and Lee D.J. (2002) 'Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions', J Hazard Mater, 92(3), pp. 263-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00017-1
Anupam, K. et al. (2023) 'A state-of-the-art review of natural bitumen in pavement: Underlining challenges and the way forward', Journal of Cleaner Production, 382, 134957. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134957
Ayar A., Gezici O. and Küçükosmanoğlu M. (2007) 'Adsorptive removal of Methylene blue and Methyl orange from aqueous media by carboxylated diaminoethane sporopollenin: On the usability of an aminocarboxilic acid functionality-bearing solid-stationary phase in column techniques', Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146(1), pp. 186-193. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.009
Azam, K. et al. (2022) 'A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes', Chemosphere, 306, 135566. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135566
B. Cevallos Toledo, R. et al. (2020) 'Reactivation process of activated carbons: Effect on the mechanical and adsorptive properties', Molecules, 25(7), p. 1681. doi: http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071681
Bahramifar N., Tavasolli M., and Younesi H. (2015) 'Removal of eosin Y and eosin B dyes from polluted water through biosorption using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies', Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 2(1), pp. 108-114. Available at: https://arww.razi.ac.ir/article_229_26401140ba4fd0c72b1fc988058f7b4d.pdf (Accessed date: 10 June 2023).
Brishti, R. S. et al. (2023) 'Adsorption of iron(III) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon of a natural source: Bombax ceiba fruit shell', Results in Chemistry, 5, 100727. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100727
Cui, Y. et al. (2020) 'In situ preparation of copper-loaded carbon-based catalyst with chelate resin and its application on persulfate activation for X-3B degradation', Catalysts, 10(11), p. 1333. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10111333
Daneshvar, E. et al. (2017) 'Desorption of methylene blue dye from brown macroalga: Effects of operating parameters, isotherm study and kinetic modeling', Journal of Cleaner Production, 152, pp. 443-453. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.119
Danmaliki, G. I., and Saleh, T. A. (2017) 'Effects of bimetallic Ce/Fe nanoparticles on the desulfurization of thiophenes using activated carbon', Chemical engineering journal, 307, pp. 914-927. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.143
De Gisi, S. et al. (2016) 'Characteristics and adsorption capacities of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: A review', Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 9, pp. 10-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.002
Elango, M. et al. (2017) 'Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of polyindole/Ag–Cuo nanocomposites by reflux condensation method', Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 57(14), pp. 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1410832
Ghasemian Lemraski E., Sharafinia S. and Alimohammadi M. (2017) 'New activated carbon from persian mesquite grain as an excellent adsorbent', Physical Chemistry Research, 5(1), pp. 81-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.22036/pcr.2017.38495
Ghorbani, F. and Kamari, S. (2016) 'Application of response surface methodology for optimization of methyl orange adsorption by Fe-grafting sugar beet bagasse', Adsorption Science & Technology, 35(3-4), pp. 317-338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617416675625
Haque E., Jun J.W., and Jhung S.H. (2011) 'Adsorptive removal of methyl orange and methylene blue from aqueous solution with a metal-organic framework material, iron terephthalate (MOF-235)', Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(1), pp. 507-511. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.035
Hosseini, S. et al. (2015) 'Adsorption of carbon dioxide using activated carbon impregnated with Cu promoted by zinc', Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 52, pp. 109-117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.015
Hung, N. V. et al. (2022) 'Highly effective adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous solutions on longan seed-derived activated carbon', Environmental Engineering Research, 28(3), 220116. doi: https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.116
Jiang, S. et al. (2018a) 'Cu-MFI zeolite supported on paper-like sintered stainless fiber for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol in a batch reactor', Separation and Purification Technology, 190 (pp. 243-251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.001
Jiang S., Zhang H., and Yan Y. (2018b) 'Synthesis of copper-loaded activated carbon for enhancing the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue', Journal of Molecular Liquids, 272, pp. 353-360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.087
Kamdod, A. S., and Kumar, M. V. P. (2022) 'Adsorption of methylene blue, methyl orange, and crystal violet on microporous coconut shell activated carbon and Its composite with chitosan: Isotherms and kinetics', Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(12), pp. 5274-5289. doi: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28270
Khodaie, M. et al. (2013) 'Removal of methylene blue from wastewater by adsorption onto ZnCl2 activated corn husk carbon equilibrium studies', Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 383985. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/383985
Lamari R., Benotmane B., and Mostefa F. (2022) 'Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using zeolitic imidazolate framework-11: Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and error analysis', Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 41(6), pp. 1985-1999. doi: https://doi.org/10.30492/IJCCE.2021.131068.4236
Masoudian S., Rasoulifard M.H. and Pakravan P. (2015) 'Degradation of acid red 14 in contaminated water by Ag-SiO2 nanocomposite', Indian Journal of Chemistry A (IJC-A), 54 A(6), pp. 757-761. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/31678/2/IJCA%2054A(6)%20757-761.pdf (Accessed date: 24 June 2023).
Mishra, D. et al. (2022) 'Bitumen and asphaltene derived nanoporous carbon and nickel oxide/carbon composites for supercapacitor electrodes', Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 4095. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08159-3
Munyegaju, J. et al. (2022) 'Textile effluent treatment using Avocado seeds based activated carbon', Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 9(1), pp. 83-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2022.8008.1258
Ngueabouo, A. M. S. et al. (2022) 'Strategy for optimizing the synthesis and characterization of activated carbons obtained by chemical activation of coffee husk', Materials Advances, 3(22), pp. 8361-8374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00591C
Pakravan, P. (2017) 'The possibility of selective Adsorption and sensing of the noble gaseous species by the C20 fullerene, the graphene sheets, and the N4B4 cluster', Journal of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, 14(1), pp. 15-24. https://jptc.srbiau.ac.ir/article_10951.html (Accessed date: 11 July 2023).
Pakravan, P. (2018) 'Spontaneous adsorption, and selective sensing of CO, and CO2 greenhouse gaseous species by the more stable forms of N4B4 clusters', Physical Chemistry Research, 6(2), pp. 377-385. doi: https://doi.org/10.22036/pcr.2018.111823.1444
Quine, C. M. et al. (2022) 'Hydrogen adsorption and isotope mixing on copper-functionalized activated carbons', The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 126(39), pp. 16579-16586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c02960
Rápó, E. and Tonk, S. (2021) 'Factors affecting synthetic dye adsorption; desorption studies: A review of results from thelast five years (2017-2021)', Molecules, 26(17), 5419. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175419
Rocher, V. et al. (2008) 'Removal of organic dyes by magnetic alginate beads', Water Research, 42(4), pp. 1290-1298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.024
Saka, C. (2012) 'BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95, pp. 21-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020
Shafeii Darabi S.F., Bahramifar N. and Khalilzadeh M.A. (2018) 'Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetics studies on adsorption of eosin Y and red X-GRL from aqueous solution by treated rice husk', Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 5(1), pp. 392-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2018.866
Shahrezaei, F. et al. (2018) 'Photoinduced pyrene degradation in contaminated soils by polyaniline coated photocatalysts', Indian Journal of Chemistry A (IJCA), 57(5), pp. 610-618. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/44396/1/IJCA%2057A%285%29%20610-618.pdf (Accessed date: 9 August 2023).
Sharma, S. et al. (2021) 'Biomass-derived activated carbon-supported copper catalyst: An efficient heterogeneous magnetic catalyst for base-free Chan–Lam coupling and oxidations', American Chemical Society Omega, 6(30), pp. 19529-19545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c01830
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Tural, B. et al. (2017) 'Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biosorbent functionalized with biomass of Bacillus Subtilis: Kinetic and isotherm studies of biosorption processes in the removal of Methylene Blue', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(5), pp. 4795-4802. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.019
Ullah, A. et al. (2022) 'Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using black tea wastes: Used as efficient adsorbent', Adsorption Science & Technology, 2022, 5713077. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5713077
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Trung, N. D. et al. (2022) 'Fabrication of metal loaded activated carbon by carbothermal functionalization of agriculture waste via ultrasonic‐assisted technique for dye adsorption', Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 60(4), pp. 546-551. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202200032
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