Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2023.9306.1296
Abstract
The occurrence of global environmental crises, combined with population growth and increased global water demand, highlights the pressing need for effective management of water resources. This includes comprehensive attention to water administration, consumption, and reporting. The objective of this research is to investigate the frameworks of global water reporting and provide a robust and comprehensive model for water reporting in Iranian listed companies. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted in 2023 involving sixteen experts in water reporting. The participants consisted of engineers and managers from prominent companies in the water consumption and sustainability reporting sector, as well as university professors specializing in sustainability studies and research. The aim was to identify the appropriate components of water reporting for companies listed on the Iran Stock Exchange. Subsequently, the Best-Worst Method (BWM), a multi-criteria decision-making approach, was employed to determine the importance of each reporting item and establish the priorities of the reporting components. The results revealed that the main components of water reporting, ranked in order of importance, are as follows: performance, business strategies, water-related impacts, metrics, water governance, risks and opportunities, and finally regulations and rights. These findings hold valuable implications for stock market policymakers and company managers. By recognizing these critical indicators and components, they can effectively mandate water reporting for Iranian listed companies. Furthermore, they can ensure that water reporting accurately reflects the significant aspects of corporate operations related to water resources.
Keywords
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Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. (2012) ‘Accounting for Australia's Water’. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2012/
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Burritt, R.L., Christ, K.L. and Omori, A. (2016) ‘Drivers of corporate water-related disclosure: Evidence from Japan’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, pp.65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.119
CDP. (2022) CDP Water Security Questionnaire Preview and Reporting Guidance 2022 - Version Control. London: CDP Worldwide.
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Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J. and Potter, B. (2012) ‘Discipline-Informed Approaches to Water Accounting’, Australian Accounting Review, 22(3), pp. 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00175.x
CEO Water Mandate. (2014) Corporate Water Disclosure Guidelines: Toward a Common Approach to Reporting Water Issues. Oakland: Pacific Institute.
Dehghan, F., Karami, J. and Yazdanbakhsh, K. (2021) ‘Predicting environmental behavior by relying on water consumption behavior based on environmental awareness, attitude and concern’, Journal Of Applied Research In Water And Wastewater, 8 (2), pp.113-117, https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.5834.1192
Deng, H., Chen, Y. and Chen, X. (2022) ‘Driving factors and changes in components of terrestrial water storage in the endorheric Tibetan Plateau’, Journal of Hydrology, 612, 128225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128225
Escriva-Bou, A., McCann, H., Hanak, E., Lund, J. and Gray, B. (2016) ‘Accounting for California Water California’, California Journal of Politics and Policy, 8 (2). https://doi.org/10.5070/P2CJPP8331935.
GEMI. (2002) ‘Connecting the drops toward creative water strategies: a water sustainability tool’. Available at: https://gemi.org/solutions/publications/connectingthedrops/
Gibassier, D. (2018) ‘Corporate water accounting, where do we stand? The international water accounting field and French organizations’, Sustainability Accounting (Advances in Environmental Accounting & Management), 7, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp.31-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-359820180000007002
Godfrey, J.M. and Chalmers, K. (ed.) (2012) Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and Decision-Making. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing (May 30, 2012).
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). (2021) GRI Standards, GRI 303: Water and Effluents. Amsterdam: GRI.
Hakimipour, N., Farahani, M., Rezaei, Z., Faramarzi, A., Alipour, M.S., Ghazanfari, A. and et al. (2019) Calculation of water account in environmental-economic accounting system (calculation of physical water supply and consumption tables). Research Project. Iran Statistical Research Institute.
Hazelton, J. (2015) ‘Developments in corporate water accounting and accountability’, sustainability after rio (developments in corporate governance and responsibility), 8, Emeraled Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp.27-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-052320150000008002
Hoekstra, A.Y. et al. (2011) The Water Footprint Assessment Manual, Setting the Global Standard. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications. 77. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs/77 (Downloaded: 19 May 2020).
Huang, C.L. and Kung, F.H. (2010) ‘Drivers of environmental disclosure and stakeholder expectation: evidence from Taiwan’, Journal of Bussiness Ethics, 96, pp.435-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0476-3
IFRS Foundation. (2021) Climate-related disclosures prototype supplement: technical protocols for disclosure requirements developed, Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/groups/trwg/trwg-climate-related-disclosures-prototype.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2021).
Jalali Borban, A. and Bagheri, A. (2017) ‘An overview of water accounting frameworks and their relationship with sustainable development’, The second national conference on sustainable development in energy, water and environmental engineering systems. Tehran, 21 February 2017. Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/627730 (Accessed: 2 August 2017).
Jones, P., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D. (2015) ‘Water stewardship and corporate sustainability: a case study of reputation management in the food and drinks industry’, Journal of Public Affairs,15, pp.116-126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1534
Karimi, P. et al (2013) ‘Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: An application for the Indus Basin’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17 (7), pp. 2473–2486. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2473-2013
Khazaei, S., Raeini Sarjaz, M., Davari, K. and Shafiei, M. (2019) ‘Introduction the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) Framework’, Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 5 (2), pp.117-128. https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v5i1.67068
Lambooy, T. (2011) ‘Corporate social responsibility: Sustainable water use’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, pp.852-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.009
Larson, W.M. et al. (2012) ‘Mitigating corporate water risk: Financial market tools and supply management strategies’, Water Alternatives, 5, 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2159370
Leong, S. et al. (2014) ‘Mine site-level water reporting in the macquarie and lachlan catchments: A study of voluntary and mandatory disclosures and their value for community decision-making’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, pp. 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.021
Liao, S. and Khan, A. (2022) ‘Exploring future hybrid accounting: A review of water accounting and management research’, Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 16 (1), pp. 103-115. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v16i2.8
Liu, Ch., Su, K. and Zhang, M. (2021) ‘Water disclosure and financial reporting quality for social changes: Empirical evidence from China’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 166, 120571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120571
Lyu, F., Zhang, H., Dang, Gh. and Gong, X. (2023) ‘A novel framework for water accounting and auditing for efficient management of industrial water use’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 395, 136458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136458
Mahmud, A. et al. (2022) ‘Does water accounting support sustainable water management? A review’, Earth and Environmental Science, 1098. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012037
Matanzima, J. (2021) ‘Thayer scudder’s four stage framework, water resources dispossession and appropriation: the Kariba case’, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 38 (3), pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1866505
Maxwell, D. (2015) ‘The risks and opportunities posed by water can’t be ignored-by business, industrial or nations’, Available at: https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/contributing-global-economy/discussion/risks-and-opportunities-posed-water-cant-be-ignored-business-industries-or-nations (Accessed: 28 July 2015).
Mohd Ali, I., Mat Husin, N. and Alrazi, B. (2021) ‘The effect of corporate water disclosure on financial performance’, Earth and Environmental Science, 943, 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/943/1/012035
Namazi, M. and Mossalanejad, A. (2021) ‘Water management accounting indicators: meta-synthesis approach and balanced scorecard approach’, Journal of Accounting & Auditing Researches, 49, pp. 5-30. https://doi.org/10.22034/IAAR.2021.131565
Perkiss, S, Dean, B. and Gibbons, B. (2019) ‘Crowdsourcing corporate transparency through social accounting: conceptualising the spotlight account’, Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 39 (2), pp. 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969160X.2019.1591292
Rezaei, J. (2015) ‘Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method’, Omega, 53, pp. 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009
Rezaei, J. (2016) ‘Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method: Some properties and a linear model’, Omega, 64, pp. 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.12.001
Salimi, N. et al. (2021) ‘Management and Planning of water resources allocation at the scenario analysis using system dynamics model: A case study on Yamchi dam basin, Iran’, Journal Of Applied Research In Water And Wastewater, 1 (15), pp.14-20. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.6453.1211
Salminen, J.M., Veiste, P.J., Koshiaho, J.T. and Tikkanen, S. (2018) ‘Improving data quality, applicability and transparency of national water accounts – A case study for Finland’, Water Resources and Economics, 24, pp. 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2018.05.001Get rights and content
Singh, V.G., (2022) ‘Water accounting using satellite products and water accounting plus framework in a semi-arid betwa river basin, India’, Water, 14, 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213473
SEEAW- United Nations. (2012) System of environmental-economic accounting for water. Statistics Division United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New York: United Nations publication.
Squillace, M. (2012) ‘Accounting for water rights in the western United States’, Water accounting: International approaches to policy and decision-making, Chapter 15. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849807500.00025
Sustainability accounting standards board (SASB). (2022) Water utilities & services, Sustainability Accounting Standard-2018. London: The IFRS Foundation.
Talbot, D. and Barbat, G. (2020) ‘Water disclosure in the mining sector: an assessment of the credibility of sustainability reports’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27 (3), pp. 1241–1251. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1880
WBCSD. (2012) Water for Business: Initiatives Guiding Sustainable Water Management in the Private Sector. Version 3. Switzerland: World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
Wedawatta, G. and Ingirige, B. (2012) ‘Resilience and adaptation of small and medium sized enterprises to flood risk’, Disaster Prevention and Management an International Journal, 21, pp.474-488. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561211256170
WRI. (2013) ‘Aqueduct Water Risk Framework’. Available at: https://ceowatermandate.org/resources/aqueduct-2013/
WWF. (2014) Water Risk Filter: User Guide. Oakland: CEO Water Mandate.
Yu, H.Ch., Kuo, l., and Ma, B. (2020) ‘The drivers of corporate water disclosure in enhancing information transparency’, Sustainability, 12 (385), pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010385
Zahed, M.A. et al. (2020) ‘Sustainable environmental management and solid waste control in the Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant (EWTP), Tehran, Iran’, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 7 (2), pp.157-162. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.5879.1194
Zhang, L. (2018) Corporate Water Disclosure and Management: A self-regulation perspective. PhD thesis. Western Sydney University.
Zhang, L., Tang, Q. and Huang, R.H. (2021) ‘Mind the gap: Is water disclosure a missing component of corporate social responsibility?’ The British Accounting Review, 53(1), 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100940
Zeng, H. et al. (2020) ‘Water disclosure and firm risk: empirical evidence from highly water-sensitive industries in China’, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29 (1), pp.17–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2347
Zhou, Z. et al. (2018a) ‘Does water disclosure cause a rise in corporate risk-taking? - Evidence from Chinese high water-risk industries’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, pp. 1313–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.001
Zhou, Z., et al. (2018b) ‘The impact of water information disclosure on the cost of capital: An empirical study of China’s capital market’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25 (6), pp. 1332–1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.1643
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. (2012) ‘Australian Water Accounting Standard 1: Preparation and Presentation of General Purpose Water Accounting Reports’. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/standards/wasb/wasbawas.shtml
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. (2012) ‘Accounting for Australia's Water’. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2012/
Ben‐Amar, W. and Chelli, M. (2018) ‘What drives voluntary corporate water disclosures? The effect of country‐level institutions’, Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment, 27 (8), pp.1609-1622. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2227
Burritt, R.L., Christ, K.L. and Omori, A. (2016) ‘Drivers of corporate water-related disclosure: Evidence from Japan’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, pp.65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.119
CDP. (2022) CDP Water Security Questionnaire Preview and Reporting Guidance 2022 - Version Control. London: CDP Worldwide.
CDP. (2018) Treading Water: Corporate responses to rising water challenges, CDP Global Water Report 2018. London: CDP.
Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J. and Potter, B. (2012) ‘Discipline-Informed Approaches to Water Accounting’, Australian Accounting Review, 22(3), pp. 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00175.x
CEO Water Mandate. (2014) Corporate Water Disclosure Guidelines: Toward a Common Approach to Reporting Water Issues. Oakland: Pacific Institute.
Dehghan, F., Karami, J. and Yazdanbakhsh, K. (2021) ‘Predicting environmental behavior by relying on water consumption behavior based on environmental awareness, attitude and concern’, Journal Of Applied Research In Water And Wastewater, 8 (2), pp.113-117, https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.5834.1192
Deng, H., Chen, Y. and Chen, X. (2022) ‘Driving factors and changes in components of terrestrial water storage in the endorheric Tibetan Plateau’, Journal of Hydrology, 612, 128225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128225
Escriva-Bou, A., McCann, H., Hanak, E., Lund, J. and Gray, B. (2016) ‘Accounting for California Water California’, California Journal of Politics and Policy, 8 (2). https://doi.org/10.5070/P2CJPP8331935.
GEMI. (2002) ‘Connecting the drops toward creative water strategies: a water sustainability tool’. Available at: https://gemi.org/solutions/publications/connectingthedrops/
Gibassier, D. (2018) ‘Corporate water accounting, where do we stand? The international water accounting field and French organizations’, Sustainability Accounting (Advances in Environmental Accounting & Management), 7, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp.31-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-359820180000007002
Godfrey, J.M. and Chalmers, K. (ed.) (2012) Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and Decision-Making. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing (May 30, 2012).
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). (2021) GRI Standards, GRI 303: Water and Effluents. Amsterdam: GRI.
Hakimipour, N., Farahani, M., Rezaei, Z., Faramarzi, A., Alipour, M.S., Ghazanfari, A. and et al. (2019) Calculation of water account in environmental-economic accounting system (calculation of physical water supply and consumption tables). Research Project. Iran Statistical Research Institute.
Hazelton, J. (2015) ‘Developments in corporate water accounting and accountability’, sustainability after rio (developments in corporate governance and responsibility), 8, Emeraled Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp.27-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-052320150000008002
Hoekstra, A.Y. et al. (2011) The Water Footprint Assessment Manual, Setting the Global Standard. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications. 77. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs/77 (Downloaded: 19 May 2020).
Huang, C.L. and Kung, F.H. (2010) ‘Drivers of environmental disclosure and stakeholder expectation: evidence from Taiwan’, Journal of Bussiness Ethics, 96, pp.435-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0476-3
IFRS Foundation. (2021) Climate-related disclosures prototype supplement: technical protocols for disclosure requirements developed, Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/groups/trwg/trwg-climate-related-disclosures-prototype.pdf (Accessed: 3 November 2021).
Jalali Borban, A. and Bagheri, A. (2017) ‘An overview of water accounting frameworks and their relationship with sustainable development’, The second national conference on sustainable development in energy, water and environmental engineering systems. Tehran, 21 February 2017. Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/627730 (Accessed: 2 August 2017).
Jones, P., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D. (2015) ‘Water stewardship and corporate sustainability: a case study of reputation management in the food and drinks industry’, Journal of Public Affairs,15, pp.116-126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1534
Karimi, P. et al (2013) ‘Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: An application for the Indus Basin’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17 (7), pp. 2473–2486. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2473-2013
Khazaei, S., Raeini Sarjaz, M., Davari, K. and Shafiei, M. (2019) ‘Introduction the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) Framework’, Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 5 (2), pp.117-128. https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v5i1.67068
Lambooy, T. (2011) ‘Corporate social responsibility: Sustainable water use’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, pp.852-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.009
Larson, W.M. et al. (2012) ‘Mitigating corporate water risk: Financial market tools and supply management strategies’, Water Alternatives, 5, 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2159370
Leong, S. et al. (2014) ‘Mine site-level water reporting in the macquarie and lachlan catchments: A study of voluntary and mandatory disclosures and their value for community decision-making’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, pp. 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.021
Liao, S. and Khan, A. (2022) ‘Exploring future hybrid accounting: A review of water accounting and management research’, Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 16 (1), pp. 103-115. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v16i2.8
Liu, Ch., Su, K. and Zhang, M. (2021) ‘Water disclosure and financial reporting quality for social changes: Empirical evidence from China’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 166, 120571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120571
Lyu, F., Zhang, H., Dang, Gh. and Gong, X. (2023) ‘A novel framework for water accounting and auditing for efficient management of industrial water use’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 395, 136458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136458
Mahmud, A. et al. (2022) ‘Does water accounting support sustainable water management? A review’, Earth and Environmental Science, 1098. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012037
Matanzima, J. (2021) ‘Thayer scudder’s four stage framework, water resources dispossession and appropriation: the Kariba case’, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 38 (3), pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1866505
Maxwell, D. (2015) ‘The risks and opportunities posed by water can’t be ignored-by business, industrial or nations’, Available at: https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/contributing-global-economy/discussion/risks-and-opportunities-posed-water-cant-be-ignored-business-industries-or-nations (Accessed: 28 July 2015).
Mohd Ali, I., Mat Husin, N. and Alrazi, B. (2021) ‘The effect of corporate water disclosure on financial performance’, Earth and Environmental Science, 943, 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/943/1/012035
Namazi, M. and Mossalanejad, A. (2021) ‘Water management accounting indicators: meta-synthesis approach and balanced scorecard approach’, Journal of Accounting & Auditing Researches, 49, pp. 5-30. https://doi.org/10.22034/IAAR.2021.131565
Perkiss, S, Dean, B. and Gibbons, B. (2019) ‘Crowdsourcing corporate transparency through social accounting: conceptualising the spotlight account’, Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 39 (2), pp. 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969160X.2019.1591292
Rezaei, J. (2015) ‘Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method’, Omega, 53, pp. 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.11.009
Rezaei, J. (2016) ‘Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method: Some properties and a linear model’, Omega, 64, pp. 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.12.001
Salimi, N. et al. (2021) ‘Management and Planning of water resources allocation at the scenario analysis using system dynamics model: A case study on Yamchi dam basin, Iran’, Journal Of Applied Research In Water And Wastewater, 1 (15), pp.14-20. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.6453.1211
Salminen, J.M., Veiste, P.J., Koshiaho, J.T. and Tikkanen, S. (2018) ‘Improving data quality, applicability and transparency of national water accounts – A case study for Finland’, Water Resources and Economics, 24, pp. 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2018.05.001Get rights and content
Singh, V.G., (2022) ‘Water accounting using satellite products and water accounting plus framework in a semi-arid betwa river basin, India’, Water, 14, 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213473
SEEAW- United Nations. (2012) System of environmental-economic accounting for water. Statistics Division United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New York: United Nations publication.
Squillace, M. (2012) ‘Accounting for water rights in the western United States’, Water accounting: International approaches to policy and decision-making, Chapter 15. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849807500.00025
Sustainability accounting standards board (SASB). (2022) Water utilities & services, Sustainability Accounting Standard-2018. London: The IFRS Foundation.
Talbot, D. and Barbat, G. (2020) ‘Water disclosure in the mining sector: an assessment of the credibility of sustainability reports’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27 (3), pp. 1241–1251. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1880
WBCSD. (2012) Water for Business: Initiatives Guiding Sustainable Water Management in the Private Sector. Version 3. Switzerland: World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
Wedawatta, G. and Ingirige, B. (2012) ‘Resilience and adaptation of small and medium sized enterprises to flood risk’, Disaster Prevention and Management an International Journal, 21, pp.474-488. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561211256170
WRI. (2013) ‘Aqueduct Water Risk Framework’. Available at: https://ceowatermandate.org/resources/aqueduct-2013/
WWF. (2014) Water Risk Filter: User Guide. Oakland: CEO Water Mandate.
Yu, H.Ch., Kuo, l., and Ma, B. (2020) ‘The drivers of corporate water disclosure in enhancing information transparency’, Sustainability, 12 (385), pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010385
Zahed, M.A. et al. (2020) ‘Sustainable environmental management and solid waste control in the Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant (EWTP), Tehran, Iran’, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 7 (2), pp.157-162. https://doi.org/10.22126/arww.2021.5879.1194
Zhang, L. (2018) Corporate Water Disclosure and Management: A self-regulation perspective. PhD thesis. Western Sydney University.
Zhang, L., Tang, Q. and Huang, R.H. (2021) ‘Mind the gap: Is water disclosure a missing component of corporate social responsibility?’ The British Accounting Review, 53(1), 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100940
Zeng, H. et al. (2020) ‘Water disclosure and firm risk: empirical evidence from highly water-sensitive industries in China’, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29 (1), pp.17–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2347
Zhou, Z. et al. (2018a) ‘Does water disclosure cause a rise in corporate risk-taking? - Evidence from Chinese high water-risk industries’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, pp. 1313–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.001
Zhou, Z., et al. (2018b) ‘The impact of water information disclosure on the cost of capital: An empirical study of China’s capital market’, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25 (6), pp. 1332–1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.1643
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