Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2022.6975.1227
Abstract
Crude oil is released into the water sources during exploration, extraction or displacement operations due to the partial dissolution, and it can remain as a layer on the surface of the water or become emulsive. Crude oil emulsion is very stable due to the presence of asphaltene and cannot be removed by the common methods. In this research, iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyoxyethylene (POE), by using the same method. After synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles and coating their surface with fatty acids and surfactants, we have tried to break the crude oil emulsion in water and remove the crude oil from the environment by adsorption via these nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential devices were used to identify nanoparticles and their characteristics. Demulsification of crude oil in water (O/W) with nanoparticles coated with fatty acids and surfactants was studied. UV-Vis spectrophotometery was used to determine the amount of crude oil adsorption by nanoparticles. From the results, the nanoparticles coated with the fatty acids with smaller chains could more absorb the crude oil. The highest adsorption (98.03 %) was recorded for iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene (Fe3O4@POE) and the lowest percentage (46.69 %) is related to the nanoparticles coated with palmitic acid in an alkaline medium. Alkalinization of the medium while coating the nanoparticles with fatty acid has increased only the efficiency in the case of oleic acid while led to a significant decrease in the efficiency for palmitic and stearic acids compared to the neutral state.
Keywords
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Chicarelli, M. I. et al. (1990) ‘Application of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in the detection of organometallic compounds in chromatographic fractions from organic rich shales’, Organic Geochemistry, 15(3), pp. 267–274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(90)90004-J
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Costa, C. et al. (2019) ‘Emulsion formation and stabilization by biomolecules: The leading role of cellulose’, Polymers. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101570
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Hong, L. et al. (2012) ‘One-step formation of W/O/W multiple emulsions stabilized by single amphiphilic block copolymers’, Langmuir, 28(5), pp. 2332–2336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/la205108w
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Kafrouni, L. and Savadogo, O. (2016) ‘Recent progress on magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia’, Progress in Biomaterials, pp. 147–160. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-016-0054-6
Khamis, E. A., Hamdy, A. and Morsi, R. E. (2018) ‘Magnetite nanoparticles/polyvinyl pyrrolidone stabilized system for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel’, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), pp. 919–926. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.02.001
Lu, F. and Astruc, D. (2018) ‘Nanomaterials for removal of toxic elements from water’, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, pp. 147–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.003
M. Alzahrani, A. and Rajendran, P. (2019) ‘Petroleum hydrocarbon and living organisms’, in Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment. IntechOpen. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86948
Mahmoudi Saber, M. (2019) ‘Strategies for surface modification of gelatin-based nanoparticles’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110407
Mamani, J. B. et al. (2013) ‘Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles coated with lauric acid’, Materials Characterization, 81, pp. 28–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.04.001
Marín, T. et al. (2016) ‘Influence of surface treatment on magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by electrochemical method’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 120(27), pp. 6634–6645. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01796
Masina, N. et al. (2017) ‘A review of the chemical modification techniques of starch’, Carbohydrate Polymers, pp. 1226–1236. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.094
Nobs, L. et al. (2003) ‘Surface modification of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles by covalent attachment of thiol groups by means of three methods’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00542-2
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Ong, H. T., Suppiah, D. D. and Muhd Julkapli, N. (2020) ‘Fatty acid coated iron oxide nanoparticle: Effect on stability, particle size and magnetic properties’, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 125371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125371
Onwurah, I. N. E. et al. (2007) ‘Crude oils spills in the environment, effects and some innovative clean-up biotechnologies’, International Journal of Environmental Research, pp. 307–320. https://doi.org.10.22059/IJER.2010.142
Ozkaya, T. et al. (2009) ‘Synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles by oxidation-reduction method and its magnetic characterization’, Central European Journal of Chemistry, 7(3), pp. 410–414. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0012-4
Park, J. I. and Cheon, J. (2001) ‘Synthesis of “solid solution” and “core-shell” type cobalt-platinum magnetic nanoparticles via transmetalation reactions’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(24), pp. 5743–5746. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0156340
Prathna, T. C. et al. (2011) ‘Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Citrus limon (lemon) aqueous extract and theoretical prediction of particle size’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 82(1), pp. 152–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.036
Salunkhe, A. B. et al. (2013) ‘Polyvinyl alcohol functionalized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications’, Applied Surface Science, 264, pp. 598–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.073
Shamim, A. et al. (2018) ‘Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by physical, chemical and biological methods and their characterization’. Available at: http://uow.edu.pk/ORIC/Publications/4th MDSRIC-296.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2023).
Takai, Z. I. et al. (2019) ‘Preparation and characterization of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles by sol-gel method’, International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, 12(1), pp. 37–46. http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/4108
Tassa, C., Shaw, S. Y. and Weissleder, R. (2011) ‘Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: A versatile platform for targeted molecular imaging, molecular diagnostics, and therapy’, Accounts of Chemical Research, pp. 842–852. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200084x
Thompson, D. A. and Best, J. S. (2000) ‘Future of magnetic data storage technology’, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 44(3), pp. 311–322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.443.0311
Venkataraman, N. V. and Vasudevan, S. (2001) ‘Conformation of methylene chains in an intercalated surfactant bilayer’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105(9), pp. 1805–1812. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002505h
Vidal, L. et al. (2008) ‘Chemically surface-modified carbon nanoparticle carrier for phenolic pollutants: Extraction and electrochemical determination of benzophenone-3 and triclosan’, Analytica Chimica Acta, 616(1), pp. 28–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.011
Wang, H. et al. (2015) ‘Acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticle as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis’, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(46), pp. 26020–26028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08743
Yu, S. et al. (2019) ‘Chitosan and chitosan coating nanoparticles for the treatment of brain disease’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 560, pp. 282–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.012
Zhu, N. et al. (2018) ‘Surface modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles’, Nanomaterials. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100810
Akbarzadeh, A., Samiei, M. and Davaran, S. (2012) ‘Magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine’, Nanoscale Research Letters, 7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-7-144
Ali, A. et al. (2016) ‘Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles’, Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, pp. 49–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S99986
Arsalani, S. et al. (2019) ‘Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated by natural rubber latex as MRI contrast agent’, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 475, pp. 458–464. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.11.132
Bagwe, R. P., Hilliard, L. R. and Tan, W. (2006) ‘Surface modification of silica nanoparticles to reduce aggregation and nonspecific binding’, Langmuir, 22(9), pp. https://doi.org/4357–4362. doi: 10.1021/la052797j
Ban, Z. et al. (2005) ‘The synthesis of core-shell iron@gold nanoparticles and their characterization’, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 15(43), pp. 4660–4662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b504304b
Chicarelli, M. I. et al. (1990) ‘Application of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in the detection of organometallic compounds in chromatographic fractions from organic rich shales’, Organic Geochemistry, 15(3), pp. 267–274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(90)90004-J
Colson, P., Henrist, C. and Cloots, R. (2013) ‘Nanosphere lithography: A powerful method for the controlled manufacturing of nanomaterials’, Journal of Nanomaterials. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/948510
Cosgrove, T. (2009) Colloid science: principles, methods and applications, colloid science: Principles, methods and applications. 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell.
Costa, C. et al. (2019) ‘Emulsion formation and stabilization by biomolecules: The leading role of cellulose’, Polymers. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101570
Cui, F. et al. (2020) ‘Oil droplet dispersion under a deep-water plunging breaker: Experimental measurement and numerical modeling’, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/JMSE8040230
Essien, O. and John, I. (2011) ‘Impact of crude-oil spillage pollution and chemical remediation on agricultural soil properties and crop growth’, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 14(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v14i4.63304
Ganapathe, L. S. et al. (2020) ‘Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in biomedical application: From synthesis to surface functionalisation’, Magnetochemistry, pp. 1–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6040068
Garcés-Pineda, F. A. et al. (2019) ‘Direct magnetic enhancement of electrocatalytic water oxidation in alkaline media’, Nature Energy, 4(6), pp. 519–525. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0404-4
Grammatikopoulos, P. et al. (2016) ‘Nanoparticle design by gas-phase synthesis’, Advances in Physics: X, pp. 81–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2016.1142829
Han, D. et al. (2016) ‘Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via chemical coprecipitation method: Modification of surface with sodium dodecyl sulfate and biocompatibility study’, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, 8(4), pp. 335–339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2016.2133
Han, M. et al. (2019) ‘Research Progress and prospects of marine Oily wastewater treatment: A review’, Water (Switzerland). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122517
Hong, L. et al. (2012) ‘One-step formation of W/O/W multiple emulsions stabilized by single amphiphilic block copolymers’, Langmuir, 28(5), pp. 2332–2336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/la205108w
Issa, B. et al. (2013) ‘Magnetic nanoparticles: Surface effects and properties related to biomedicine applications’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, pp. 21266–21305. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141121266
Jiao, J. et al. (1996) ‘Preparation and properties of ferromagnetic carbon-coated Fe, Co, and Ni nanoparticles’, Journal of Applied Physics, 80(1), pp. 103–108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362765
Jose, J. et al. (2020) ‘Magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia in cancer treatment: an emerging tool’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(16), pp. 19214–19225. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07231-2
Kafrouni, L. and Savadogo, O. (2016) ‘Recent progress on magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia’, Progress in Biomaterials, pp. 147–160. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-016-0054-6
Khamis, E. A., Hamdy, A. and Morsi, R. E. (2018) ‘Magnetite nanoparticles/polyvinyl pyrrolidone stabilized system for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel’, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), pp. 919–926. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.02.001
Lu, F. and Astruc, D. (2018) ‘Nanomaterials for removal of toxic elements from water’, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, pp. 147–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.003
M. Alzahrani, A. and Rajendran, P. (2019) ‘Petroleum hydrocarbon and living organisms’, in Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment. IntechOpen. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86948
Mahmoudi Saber, M. (2019) ‘Strategies for surface modification of gelatin-based nanoparticles’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110407
Mamani, J. B. et al. (2013) ‘Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles coated with lauric acid’, Materials Characterization, 81, pp. 28–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.04.001
Marín, T. et al. (2016) ‘Influence of surface treatment on magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by electrochemical method’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 120(27), pp. 6634–6645. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01796
Masina, N. et al. (2017) ‘A review of the chemical modification techniques of starch’, Carbohydrate Polymers, pp. 1226–1236. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.094
Nobs, L. et al. (2003) ‘Surface modification of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles by covalent attachment of thiol groups by means of three methods’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00542-2
Nunes, R. et al. (2018) ‘Surface modification with polyethylene glycol enhances colorectal distribution and retention of nanoparticles’, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 130, pp. 200–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.029
Ong, H. T., Suppiah, D. D. and Muhd Julkapli, N. (2020) ‘Fatty acid coated iron oxide nanoparticle: Effect on stability, particle size and magnetic properties’, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 125371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125371
Onwurah, I. N. E. et al. (2007) ‘Crude oils spills in the environment, effects and some innovative clean-up biotechnologies’, International Journal of Environmental Research, pp. 307–320. https://doi.org.10.22059/IJER.2010.142
Ozkaya, T. et al. (2009) ‘Synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles by oxidation-reduction method and its magnetic characterization’, Central European Journal of Chemistry, 7(3), pp. 410–414. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0012-4
Park, J. I. and Cheon, J. (2001) ‘Synthesis of “solid solution” and “core-shell” type cobalt-platinum magnetic nanoparticles via transmetalation reactions’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(24), pp. 5743–5746. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0156340
Prathna, T. C. et al. (2011) ‘Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Citrus limon (lemon) aqueous extract and theoretical prediction of particle size’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 82(1), pp. 152–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.036
Salunkhe, A. B. et al. (2013) ‘Polyvinyl alcohol functionalized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications’, Applied Surface Science, 264, pp. 598–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.073
Shamim, A. et al. (2018) ‘Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by physical, chemical and biological methods and their characterization’. Available at: http://uow.edu.pk/ORIC/Publications/4th MDSRIC-296.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2023).
Takai, Z. I. et al. (2019) ‘Preparation and characterization of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles by sol-gel method’, International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, 12(1), pp. 37–46. http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/4108
Tassa, C., Shaw, S. Y. and Weissleder, R. (2011) ‘Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: A versatile platform for targeted molecular imaging, molecular diagnostics, and therapy’, Accounts of Chemical Research, pp. 842–852. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200084x
Thompson, D. A. and Best, J. S. (2000) ‘Future of magnetic data storage technology’, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 44(3), pp. 311–322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.443.0311
Venkataraman, N. V. and Vasudevan, S. (2001) ‘Conformation of methylene chains in an intercalated surfactant bilayer’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105(9), pp. 1805–1812. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002505h
Vidal, L. et al. (2008) ‘Chemically surface-modified carbon nanoparticle carrier for phenolic pollutants: Extraction and electrochemical determination of benzophenone-3 and triclosan’, Analytica Chimica Acta, 616(1), pp. 28–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.011
Wang, H. et al. (2015) ‘Acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticle as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis’, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(46), pp. 26020–26028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08743
Yu, S. et al. (2019) ‘Chitosan and chitosan coating nanoparticles for the treatment of brain disease’, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 560, pp. 282–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.012
Zhu, N. et al. (2018) ‘Surface modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles’, Nanomaterials. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100810
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