Document Type : Review Paper
Authors
1 CFD Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Environmental Research Center, Department of Applied Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
10.22126/arww.2023.6458.1212
Abstract
The research on membrane-based filtration technology for water treatment has expanded in recent years. Membrane fouling is a major challenge that decreases the permeability and decreases the lifetime and selectivity of the membrane. Recently, it was found that fouling mitigation and better control of membrane fouling can be attained under the application of the electric field. This paper provides an overview of the application of the electric field to the filtration process and its antifouling mechanism. Utilization of conductive polymeric membranes and application of electric field in membrane bioreactors are reviewed as well. The presented review demonstrates that the introduction of negative charge into the membrane surface via preparing conductive membranes or applying an external electric field onto the membrane surface suggests several advantages. These are fouling alleviation, better control of membrane fouling, an increase of membrane resistance to cake deposition on the membrane surface, and superior possible applications such as better salt rejection and antibacterial activity.
Keywords
Ahmed F., Lalia B. S., Kochkodan V., Hilal N., Hashaikeh R., Electrically conductive polymeric membranes for fouling prevention detection: A review, Desalination 391 (2016) 1-15.
Akamatsu K., Lu W., Sugawara T., Nakao S.-i, Development of a novel fouling suppression system in membrane bioreactors using an intermittent electric field, Water Research 44 (2010) 825-830.
Akamatsu K., Yoshida Y., Suzaki T., Sakai Y., Nagamoto H., Nakao S.-i., Development of a membrane–carbon cloth assembly for submerged membrane bioreactors to apply an intermittent electric field for fouling suppression, Separation and Purification Technology 88 (2012) 202-207.
Ang W., Mohammad A. W., Teow Y., Benamor A., Hilal N., Hybrid chitosan/FeCl3 coagulation–membrane processes: Performance evaluation and membrane fouling study in removing natural organic matter, Separation and Purification Technology 152 (2015) 23-31.
Ateh D., Navsaria H., Vadgama P., Polypyrrole-based conducting polymers and interactions with biological tissues, Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3 (2006) 741-752.
Bani-Melhem K., Elektorowicz M., Development of a novel submerged membrane electro-bioreactor (SMEBR): performance for fouling reduction, Environmental Science & Technolog, 44 (2010) 3298-3304.
Chang I.-S., Le Clech P., Jefferson B., Judd S., Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentl, Journal of Environmental Engineering 128 (2002) 1018-1029.
Chen J.-P., Yang C.-Z., Zhou J.-H., Wang X.-Y., Study of the influence of the electric field on membrane flux of a new type of membrane bioreactor, Chemical Engineering Journal 128 (2007) 177-180.
de Lannoy C.-F., Jassby D., Gloe K., Gordon A. D., Wiesner M. R., Aquatic biofouling prevention by electrically charged nanocomposite polymer thin film membranes, Environmental Science & Technology 47 (2013) 2760-2768.
Den W., Huang C., Electrocoagulation for removal of silica nano-particles from chemical–mechanical-planarization wastewater, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 254 (2005) 81-89.
Formoso P., Pantuso E., De Filpo G., Nicoletta F., Electro-conductive membranes for permeation enhancement and fouling mitigation: a short review, Membranes 7 (2017) 39.
Fu L., You S. J., Yang F. l., Gao M. m., Fang X. h., Zhang G., Synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in microbial fuel cell, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 85 (2010) 715-719.
Geng P., Chen G., Magnéli Ti4O7 modified ceramic membrane for electrically-assisted filtration with antifouling property, Journal of Membrane Science 498 (2016) 302-314.
Grelot A., Machinal C., Drouet K., Tazi-Pain A., Schrotter J., Grasmick A., Grinwis S. In the search of alternative cleaning solutions for MBR plants, Water Science and Technology 58 (2008) 2041-2049.
Guizard C., Legault F., Idrissi N., Larbot A., Cot L., Gavach C., Electronically conductive mineral membranes designed for electro-ultrafiltration, Journal of Membrane Science 41 (1989) 127-142.
Ho K., Teow Y., Ang W., Mohammad A, An Overview of Electrically-enhanced Membrane Bioreactor (EMBR) for Fouling Suppression, Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review 10 (2017) 128-138.
Ho K., Teow Y., Mohammad A. W., An, W., Lee P., Development of graphene oxide (GO)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite conductive membranes for electrically enhanced fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 552 (2018) 189-201.
Huang J., Wang Z., Zhang J., Zhang X., Ma J., Wu Z., A novel composite conductive microfiltration membrane and its anti-fouling performance with an external electric field in membrane bioreactors, Scientific Reports 5 (2015) 1-8.
Iversen V., Koseoglu H., Yigit N. O., Drews A., Kitis M., Lesjean B., Kraume M., Impacts of membrane flux enhancers on activated sludge respiration and nutrient removal in MBRs, Water Research 43 (2009) 822-830.
Jagannadh S. N., Muralidhara H., Electrokinetics methods to control membrane fouling, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 35 (1996) 1133-1140.
Judd S., The status of membrane bioreactor technology, Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2008) 109-116.
Karkooti A., Rastgar M., Nazemifard N., Sadrzadeh M., Graphene-based electro-conductive anti-fouling membranes for the treatment of oil sands produced water, Sience of The Total Environment 704 (2020) 135365.
Khorshidi B., Hajinasiri J., Ma G., Bhattacharjee S., Sadrzadeh M., Thermally resistant and electrically conductive PES/ITO nanocomposite membrane, Journal of Membrane Science 500 (2016) 151-160.
Lalia B.S., Ahmed F.E., Shah T., Hilal N., Hashaikeh R., Electrically conductive membranes based on carbon nanostructures for self-cleaning of biofouling, Desalination 360 (2015) 8-12.
Li N., Liu L., Yang F., Highly conductive graphene/PANi-phytic acid modified cathodic filter membrane and its antifouling property in EMBR in neutral conditions, Desalination 338 (2014) 10-16.
Li R., WuY., Shen L., Chen J., Lin H., A novel strategy to develop antifouling and antibacterial conductive Cu/polydopamine/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for water treatment, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 531 (2018) 493-501.
Li H., Zhang G., Zhao C., Liu J., Yang F., Hydraulic power and electric field combined antifouling effect of a novel conductive poly (aminoanthraquinone)/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid blended PVDF ultrafiltration membrane, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (2015a) 20277-20287.
Liu H., Zhang G., Zhao C., Liu J., Yang F., Hydraulic power and electric field combined antifouling effect of a novel conductive poly (aminoanthraquinone)/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid blended PVDF ultrafiltration membrane, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (2015b) 20277-20287.
Liu J., Liu L., Gao B., Yang F., Cathode membrane fouling reduction and sludge property in membrane bioreactor integrating electrocoagulation and electrostatic repulsion, Separation and Purification Technology 100 (2012) 44-50.
Akamatsu K., Lu W., Sugawara T., Nakao S.-i, Development of a novel fouling suppression system in membrane bioreactors using an intermittent electric field, Water Research 44 (2010) 825-830.
Akamatsu K., Yoshida Y., Suzaki T., Sakai Y., Nagamoto H., Nakao S.-i., Development of a membrane–carbon cloth assembly for submerged membrane bioreactors to apply an intermittent electric field for fouling suppression, Separation and Purification Technology 88 (2012) 202-207.
Ang W., Mohammad A. W., Teow Y., Benamor A., Hilal N., Hybrid chitosan/FeCl3 coagulation–membrane processes: Performance evaluation and membrane fouling study in removing natural organic matter, Separation and Purification Technology 152 (2015) 23-31.
Ateh D., Navsaria H., Vadgama P., Polypyrrole-based conducting polymers and interactions with biological tissues, Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3 (2006) 741-752.
Bani-Melhem K., Elektorowicz M., Development of a novel submerged membrane electro-bioreactor (SMEBR): performance for fouling reduction, Environmental Science & Technolog, 44 (2010) 3298-3304.
Chang I.-S., Le Clech P., Jefferson B., Judd S., Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentl, Journal of Environmental Engineering 128 (2002) 1018-1029.
Chen J.-P., Yang C.-Z., Zhou J.-H., Wang X.-Y., Study of the influence of the electric field on membrane flux of a new type of membrane bioreactor, Chemical Engineering Journal 128 (2007) 177-180.
de Lannoy C.-F., Jassby D., Gloe K., Gordon A. D., Wiesner M. R., Aquatic biofouling prevention by electrically charged nanocomposite polymer thin film membranes, Environmental Science & Technology 47 (2013) 2760-2768.
Den W., Huang C., Electrocoagulation for removal of silica nano-particles from chemical–mechanical-planarization wastewater, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 254 (2005) 81-89.
Formoso P., Pantuso E., De Filpo G., Nicoletta F., Electro-conductive membranes for permeation enhancement and fouling mitigation: a short review, Membranes 7 (2017) 39.
Fu L., You S. J., Yang F. l., Gao M. m., Fang X. h., Zhang G., Synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in microbial fuel cell, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 85 (2010) 715-719.
Geng P., Chen G., Magnéli Ti4O7 modified ceramic membrane for electrically-assisted filtration with antifouling property, Journal of Membrane Science 498 (2016) 302-314.
Grelot A., Machinal C., Drouet K., Tazi-Pain A., Schrotter J., Grasmick A., Grinwis S. In the search of alternative cleaning solutions for MBR plants, Water Science and Technology 58 (2008) 2041-2049.
Guizard C., Legault F., Idrissi N., Larbot A., Cot L., Gavach C., Electronically conductive mineral membranes designed for electro-ultrafiltration, Journal of Membrane Science 41 (1989) 127-142.
Ho K., Teow Y., Ang W., Mohammad A, An Overview of Electrically-enhanced Membrane Bioreactor (EMBR) for Fouling Suppression, Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review 10 (2017) 128-138.
Ho K., Teow Y., Mohammad A. W., An, W., Lee P., Development of graphene oxide (GO)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite conductive membranes for electrically enhanced fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 552 (2018) 189-201.
Huang J., Wang Z., Zhang J., Zhang X., Ma J., Wu Z., A novel composite conductive microfiltration membrane and its anti-fouling performance with an external electric field in membrane bioreactors, Scientific Reports 5 (2015) 1-8.
Iversen V., Koseoglu H., Yigit N. O., Drews A., Kitis M., Lesjean B., Kraume M., Impacts of membrane flux enhancers on activated sludge respiration and nutrient removal in MBRs, Water Research 43 (2009) 822-830.
Jagannadh S. N., Muralidhara H., Electrokinetics methods to control membrane fouling, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 35 (1996) 1133-1140.
Judd S., The status of membrane bioreactor technology, Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2008) 109-116.
Karkooti A., Rastgar M., Nazemifard N., Sadrzadeh M., Graphene-based electro-conductive anti-fouling membranes for the treatment of oil sands produced water, Sience of The Total Environment 704 (2020) 135365.
Khorshidi B., Hajinasiri J., Ma G., Bhattacharjee S., Sadrzadeh M., Thermally resistant and electrically conductive PES/ITO nanocomposite membrane, Journal of Membrane Science 500 (2016) 151-160.
Lalia B.S., Ahmed F.E., Shah T., Hilal N., Hashaikeh R., Electrically conductive membranes based on carbon nanostructures for self-cleaning of biofouling, Desalination 360 (2015) 8-12.
Li N., Liu L., Yang F., Highly conductive graphene/PANi-phytic acid modified cathodic filter membrane and its antifouling property in EMBR in neutral conditions, Desalination 338 (2014) 10-16.
Li R., WuY., Shen L., Chen J., Lin H., A novel strategy to develop antifouling and antibacterial conductive Cu/polydopamine/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for water treatment, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 531 (2018) 493-501.
Li H., Zhang G., Zhao C., Liu J., Yang F., Hydraulic power and electric field combined antifouling effect of a novel conductive poly (aminoanthraquinone)/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid blended PVDF ultrafiltration membrane, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (2015a) 20277-20287.
Liu H., Zhang G., Zhao C., Liu J., Yang F., Hydraulic power and electric field combined antifouling effect of a novel conductive poly (aminoanthraquinone)/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid blended PVDF ultrafiltration membrane, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (2015b) 20277-20287.
Liu J., Liu L., Gao B., Yang F., Cathode membrane fouling reduction and sludge property in membrane bioreactor integrating electrocoagulation and electrostatic repulsion, Separation and Purification Technology 100 (2012) 44-50.
Liu J., Tian C., Xiong J., Gao B., Dong S., Wang L., Polypyrrole vapor phase polymerization on PVDF membrane surface for conductive membrane preparation and fouling mitigation, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 93 (2018) 683-689.
Liu J., Tian C., Xiong J., Wang L., Polypyrrole blending modification for PVDF conductive membrane preparing and fouling mitigation, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 494 (2017) 124-129.
Liu L., Liu J., Bo G., Yang F., Crittenden J., Chen Y, Conductive and hydrophilic polypyrrole modified membrane cathodes and fouling reduction in MBR, Journal of Membrane Science 429 (2013a) 252-258.
Liu L., Zhao F., Liu J., Yang F., Preparation of highly conductive cathodic membrane with graphene (oxide)/PPy and the membrane antifouling property in filtrating yeast suspensions in EMBR, Journal of Membrane Science 437 (2013b) 99-107.
Liu L., Liu J., Gao B., Yang F., Minute electric field reduced membrane fouling and improved performance of membrane bioreactor, Separation and Purification Technology 86 (2012) 106-112.
Meng F., Chae S.R., Drews A., Kraume M., Shin H.S., Yang F., Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): membrane fouling and membrane material, Water Research 43 (2009) 1489-1512.
Mohan S.V., Mohanakrishna G., Reddy B.P., Saravanan R., Sarma P., Bioelectricity generation from chemical wastewater treatment in mediatorless (anode) microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched hydrogen producing mixed culture under acidophilic microenvironment, Biochemical Engineering Journal 39 (2008) 121-130.
Moradi G., Dabirian F., Mohammadi P., Rajabi L., Babaei M., Shiri N., Electrospun fumarate ferroxane/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite nanofibers adsorbent for lead removal from aqueous solution: Characterization and process optimization by response surface methodology, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 129 (2018) 182-196.
Moradi G., Dabirian F., Rajabi L., Derakhshan A. A., Preparation of aldehydic electrospun PAN mats for ammonia removal from wastewater, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 2 (2015) 170-175.
Moradi G., Rajabi L., Dabirian F., Zinadini S., Biofouling alleviation and flux enhancement of electrospun PAN microfiltration membranes by embedding of para]aminobenzoate alumoxane nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135 (2018) 45738.
Moradi G., Zinadini S., Rajabi L., Dadari S., Fabrication of high flux and antifouling mixed matrix fumarate-alumoxane/PAN membranes via electrospinning for application in membrane bioreactors, Applied Surface Science 427 (2018) 830-842.
Moulik S.P., Physical aspects of electrofiltration, Environmental Science & Technology 5 (1971) 771-776.
Mushtaq A., Cho H., Ahmed M.A., Rehman M.S. U., Han J.I., A novel method for the fabrication of silver nanowires-based highly electro-conductive membrane with antifouling property for efficient microalgae harvesting, Journal of Membrane Science 590 (2019) 117258.
Ozbey Unal B., Dizge N., Karagunduz A., Keskinler B., Combined electrocoagulation and electrooxidation process in electro membrane bioreactor to improve membrane filtration effectiveness, Bioresource Technology Reports 7 (2019) 100237
Rana D., and Matsuura T., Surface modifications for antifouling membranes, Chemical Reviews 110 (2010) 2448-2471.
Rozendal R. A., Leone E., Keller J., Rabaey K., Efficient hydrogen peroxide generation from organic matter in a bioelectrochemical system, Electrochemistry Communications 11 (2009) 1752-1755.
Shaabani N., Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Preparation and characterization of PES nanofiltration membrane embedded with modified graphene oxide for dye removal from algal wastewater, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 5 (2018) 407-410.
Shakeri A., Salehi H., Rastgar M., Antifouling electrically conductive membrane for forward osmosis prepared by polyaniline/graphene nanocomposite, Journal of Water Process Engineering 32 (2019) 100932.
Thakur A.K., Singh S.P., Thamaraiselvan C., Kleinberg M.N., Arnusch C., Graphene oxide on laser-induced graphene filters for antifouling, electrically conductive ultrafiltration membranes, Journal of Membrane Science 591 (2019) 117322.
Wang K., Xu L., Li K., Liu L., Zhang Y., Wang J., Development of polyaniline conductive membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 570 (2019a) 371-379.
Wang K., Xu L., Li K., Liu L., Zhang Y., Wang J., Development of polyaniline conductive membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 570 (2019b) 371-379.
Wang W., Zhu L., Shan B., Xie C., Liu C., Cui F., Li G., Preparation and characterization of SLS-CNT/PES ultrafiltration membrane with antifouling and antibacterial properties, Journal of Membrane Science 548 (2018) 459-469.
Wang Y.K., Li W.W., Sheng G.P., Shi B.J., Yu H.Q., In-situ utilization of generated electricity in an electrochemical membrane bioreactor to mitigate membrane fouling, Water Research 47 (2013) 5794-5800.
Wei V., Oleszkiewicz J., Elektorowicz M., Nutrient removal in an electrically enhanced membrane bioreactor, Water Science and Technology 60 (2009) 3159-3163.
Won Y.J., Lee J., Choi D.C., Chae H.R., Kim I., Lee C.H., Kim I.C., Preparation and application of patterned membranes for wastewater treatment, Environmental Science & Technology 46 (2012) 11021-11027.
Yang Y., Qiao S., Jin R., Zhou J., Quan X., Fouling control mechanisms in filtrating natural organic matters by electro-enhanced carbon nanotubes hollow fiber membranes, Journal of Membrane Science 553 (2018) 54-62.
Yu T., Liu L., Yang Q., Song J., Yang F. Catalytic and filterable polyester-filter membrane electrode with a high performance carbon foam.Fe.Co catalyst improved electricity generation and waste-water treatment in MBR.MFC, RSC Advances 5 (2015) 48946-48953.
Yu W., Liu Y., Xu Y., Li R., Chen J., Liao B.-Q., Lin H., A conductive PVDF-Ni membrane with superior rejection, permeance and antifouling ability via electric assisted in-situ aeration for dye separation, Journal of Membrane Science 581 (2019) 401-412.
Zhang Y., Liu L., Yang F., A novel conductive membrane with RGO/PVDF coated on carbon fiber cloth for fouling reduction with electric field in separating polyacrylamide, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133 (2016).
Zhou G., Zhou Y., Zhou G., Lu L., Wan X., Shi H., Assessment of a novel overflow-type electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) for wastewater treatment, energy recovery and membrane fouling mitigation, Bioresource Technology 196 (2015) 648-655.
Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Rahimi M., Vatanpour V., Zangeneh H., Preparation of a novel antifouling mixed matrix PES membrane by embedding graphene oxide nanoplates, Journal of Membrane Science 453 (2014) 292-301.
Liu J., Tian C., Xiong J., Wang L., Polypyrrole blending modification for PVDF conductive membrane preparing and fouling mitigation, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 494 (2017) 124-129.
Liu L., Liu J., Bo G., Yang F., Crittenden J., Chen Y, Conductive and hydrophilic polypyrrole modified membrane cathodes and fouling reduction in MBR, Journal of Membrane Science 429 (2013a) 252-258.
Liu L., Zhao F., Liu J., Yang F., Preparation of highly conductive cathodic membrane with graphene (oxide)/PPy and the membrane antifouling property in filtrating yeast suspensions in EMBR, Journal of Membrane Science 437 (2013b) 99-107.
Liu L., Liu J., Gao B., Yang F., Minute electric field reduced membrane fouling and improved performance of membrane bioreactor, Separation and Purification Technology 86 (2012) 106-112.
Meng F., Chae S.R., Drews A., Kraume M., Shin H.S., Yang F., Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): membrane fouling and membrane material, Water Research 43 (2009) 1489-1512.
Mohan S.V., Mohanakrishna G., Reddy B.P., Saravanan R., Sarma P., Bioelectricity generation from chemical wastewater treatment in mediatorless (anode) microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched hydrogen producing mixed culture under acidophilic microenvironment, Biochemical Engineering Journal 39 (2008) 121-130.
Moradi G., Dabirian F., Mohammadi P., Rajabi L., Babaei M., Shiri N., Electrospun fumarate ferroxane/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite nanofibers adsorbent for lead removal from aqueous solution: Characterization and process optimization by response surface methodology, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 129 (2018) 182-196.
Moradi G., Dabirian F., Rajabi L., Derakhshan A. A., Preparation of aldehydic electrospun PAN mats for ammonia removal from wastewater, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 2 (2015) 170-175.
Moradi G., Rajabi L., Dabirian F., Zinadini S., Biofouling alleviation and flux enhancement of electrospun PAN microfiltration membranes by embedding of para]aminobenzoate alumoxane nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135 (2018) 45738.
Moradi G., Zinadini S., Rajabi L., Dadari S., Fabrication of high flux and antifouling mixed matrix fumarate-alumoxane/PAN membranes via electrospinning for application in membrane bioreactors, Applied Surface Science 427 (2018) 830-842.
Moulik S.P., Physical aspects of electrofiltration, Environmental Science & Technology 5 (1971) 771-776.
Mushtaq A., Cho H., Ahmed M.A., Rehman M.S. U., Han J.I., A novel method for the fabrication of silver nanowires-based highly electro-conductive membrane with antifouling property for efficient microalgae harvesting, Journal of Membrane Science 590 (2019) 117258.
Ozbey Unal B., Dizge N., Karagunduz A., Keskinler B., Combined electrocoagulation and electrooxidation process in electro membrane bioreactor to improve membrane filtration effectiveness, Bioresource Technology Reports 7 (2019) 100237
Rana D., and Matsuura T., Surface modifications for antifouling membranes, Chemical Reviews 110 (2010) 2448-2471.
Rozendal R. A., Leone E., Keller J., Rabaey K., Efficient hydrogen peroxide generation from organic matter in a bioelectrochemical system, Electrochemistry Communications 11 (2009) 1752-1755.
Shaabani N., Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Preparation and characterization of PES nanofiltration membrane embedded with modified graphene oxide for dye removal from algal wastewater, Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater 5 (2018) 407-410.
Shakeri A., Salehi H., Rastgar M., Antifouling electrically conductive membrane for forward osmosis prepared by polyaniline/graphene nanocomposite, Journal of Water Process Engineering 32 (2019) 100932.
Thakur A.K., Singh S.P., Thamaraiselvan C., Kleinberg M.N., Arnusch C., Graphene oxide on laser-induced graphene filters for antifouling, electrically conductive ultrafiltration membranes, Journal of Membrane Science 591 (2019) 117322.
Wang K., Xu L., Li K., Liu L., Zhang Y., Wang J., Development of polyaniline conductive membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 570 (2019a) 371-379.
Wang K., Xu L., Li K., Liu L., Zhang Y., Wang J., Development of polyaniline conductive membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation, Journal of Membrane Science 570 (2019b) 371-379.
Wang W., Zhu L., Shan B., Xie C., Liu C., Cui F., Li G., Preparation and characterization of SLS-CNT/PES ultrafiltration membrane with antifouling and antibacterial properties, Journal of Membrane Science 548 (2018) 459-469.
Wang Y.K., Li W.W., Sheng G.P., Shi B.J., Yu H.Q., In-situ utilization of generated electricity in an electrochemical membrane bioreactor to mitigate membrane fouling, Water Research 47 (2013) 5794-5800.
Wei V., Oleszkiewicz J., Elektorowicz M., Nutrient removal in an electrically enhanced membrane bioreactor, Water Science and Technology 60 (2009) 3159-3163.
Won Y.J., Lee J., Choi D.C., Chae H.R., Kim I., Lee C.H., Kim I.C., Preparation and application of patterned membranes for wastewater treatment, Environmental Science & Technology 46 (2012) 11021-11027.
Yang Y., Qiao S., Jin R., Zhou J., Quan X., Fouling control mechanisms in filtrating natural organic matters by electro-enhanced carbon nanotubes hollow fiber membranes, Journal of Membrane Science 553 (2018) 54-62.
Yu T., Liu L., Yang Q., Song J., Yang F. Catalytic and filterable polyester-filter membrane electrode with a high performance carbon foam.Fe.Co catalyst improved electricity generation and waste-water treatment in MBR.MFC, RSC Advances 5 (2015) 48946-48953.
Yu W., Liu Y., Xu Y., Li R., Chen J., Liao B.-Q., Lin H., A conductive PVDF-Ni membrane with superior rejection, permeance and antifouling ability via electric assisted in-situ aeration for dye separation, Journal of Membrane Science 581 (2019) 401-412.
Zhang Y., Liu L., Yang F., A novel conductive membrane with RGO/PVDF coated on carbon fiber cloth for fouling reduction with electric field in separating polyacrylamide, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133 (2016).
Zhou G., Zhou Y., Zhou G., Lu L., Wan X., Shi H., Assessment of a novel overflow-type electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) for wastewater treatment, energy recovery and membrane fouling mitigation, Bioresource Technology 196 (2015) 648-655.
Zinadini S., Zinatizadeh A.A., Rahimi M., Vatanpour V., Zangeneh H., Preparation of a novel antifouling mixed matrix PES membrane by embedding graphene oxide nanoplates, Journal of Membrane Science 453 (2014) 292-301.
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