- Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater (JARWW) publishes peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of the tech... moreJournal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater (JARWW) publishes peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of the technology of water and wastewater.
Papers are selected by a rigorous peer review procedure with the aim of rapid and wide dissemination of research results, development and application of new techniques, and related managerial and policy issues. Scientists, engineers, consultants, managers and policy-makers will find this journal essential as a permanent record of progress of research activities and their practical applications.edit
Flood is inherently an uncertain phenomenon and the certainty and credibility of flood forecasting and warning systems will cause errors regardless of the sources of uncertainty. Extreme rainfall events are one of the most important input... more
Flood is inherently an uncertain phenomenon and the certainty and credibility of flood forecasting and warning systems will cause errors regardless of the sources of uncertainty. Extreme rainfall events are one of the most important input data to rainfall-runoff models, which always have uncertainty. Considering this issue the uncertainty of the design flood hydrograph can be investigated for different return periods. In this research first to simulate the flood hydrograph the HEC-HMS model was calibrated and validated based on the hourly flood hydrographs recorded at the basin outlet. Historical data were collected on the 24-hour maximum rainfall of Gharesoo basin stations with 30-year statistics and the affected basins were identified. Then in each station 30 series of 30 years of artificial data with a maximum 24-hour rainfall were produced. For each of these produced stochastic series the best statistical distribution was fitted and in each series extreme values with a return period of 25 50 100 and 1000 years were calculated. Finally in each return period by combining 30 different amounts of rainfall obtained from stochastic series, the uncertainty bandwidth of the flood hydrograph was obtained during this return period. The results indicated that the highest predicted peak discharge for different return periods was between 1.2 and 1.7 times the historically recorded discharge during that return period. Generally the maximum discharge of different return periods was between 1.5 and 3 times the minimum discharge.
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Textile industries consume a lot of water through their various textile production processes. Increased demand for textile products, ultimately increases the formation of wastewater, which labels the textile industry a main source of... more
Textile industries consume a lot of water through their various textile production processes. Increased demand for textile products, ultimately increases the formation of wastewater, which labels the textile industry a main source of severe pollution problems worldwide. The agricultural wastes used for adsorbing pollutants were revealed to be efficient and economical adsorbents with high potential for removing dyes from polluted water. In this study, the synthetic textile effluent was simulated using Orange 2 sodium salt (OSS) dye mixed with tap water. The treatment of OSS dye solution by adsorption process was conducted in a batch reactor employing the avocado seeds activated carbon (ASAC). The impacts of temperature, adsorption contact time, OSS dye initial concentration, ASAC biosorbent dosage, and OSS solution pH on the adsorption efficiency were explored and optimized by the Box Behnken design (BBD) of Response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the dye removal were: temperature 40°C, adsorbent dosage 0.1g and initial dye concentration 10 mg/L. The yield of the OSS dye removal resulted to 96.5%. The OSS dye adsorption has best fitted with the Freundlich isotherm of adsorption (R2 = 0.9922), suggesting the occurrence of a multilayer adsorption on the non-homogeneous surfaces of the ASAC. The kinetic study fitted with the kinetic model of Pseudo-second order. Also, the dye adsorption thermodynamics manifested that the adsorption of OSS dye was feasible and spontaneous with negative Gibbs free energy changes (-ΔGo) such as -2.18KJ/mol at 303K, -3.18KJ/mol at 308K, -3.58KJ/mol at 313K and -7.32KJ/mol at 323K. The adsorption was endothermic with positive enthalpy change (+74.73KJ/mol). The entropy study resulted in 0.25KJ/molK, revealing the augmenting chaos at the interface of the sorbent and dye solution during adsorption process. The use of avocado seeds as biosorbent enables the valorization of this agro-waste and waste management alongside efficient textile effluent treatment.
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In this study, using vine copulas and tree sequences, dependence analysis of groundwater quality variables (Total hardness (TH), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na %) and magnesium (Mg)) was performed. For this purpose,... more
In this study, using vine copulas and tree sequences, dependence analysis of groundwater quality variables (Total hardness (TH), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na %) and magnesium (Mg)) was performed. For this purpose, the tree sequence of vine copulas including regular vine (R-vine), independent version of R-vine, also Gaussian version of R-vine, Gaussian independent version of R-vine, canonical vine (C-vine), independent version of Cvine, drawable vine (D-vine) and independent D-vine were evaluated independently in pairwise variables analysis. The study results of dependence structures and tree sequences of Vine copulas showed that among the studied copulas, the performance of the independent C-vine was 3.8 % better than R-vine and 0.25 % (insignificant and negligible) better than D-vine. The tree sequences provided by independent C-vine preserve correlation of pairwise variables until the last tree. In the last tree of independent C-vine, edge correlation of Mg, Na % | TH, and SAR reaches zero. Due to the proper performance of D-vine in dependence analysis of the studied variables, this copula is introduced as the selected copula.
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Water pollution caused by heavy metals due to the increasing growth of industries is very worrying. Among heavy metals, evaluating the effect of silver (Ag) toxicity and its challenges on human and environmental health is very important... more
Water pollution caused by heavy metals due to the increasing growth of industries is very worrying. Among heavy metals, evaluating the effect of silver (Ag) toxicity and its challenges on human and environmental health is very important and fundamental. This paper, for the first time, assessed the ability of palm leaf ash (PLA) as a biosorbent to reduce the amount of watersoluble Ag cations from water. To do so, the effect of adsorbent amount, contact time, initial concentration of Ag ions, pH of the solution, and the temperature was evaluated on the adsorption process. The adsorption process was more consistent with the Freundlich isothermal model and the pseudo-second-order model was in better agreement with experimental data. The results of the experiments showed that the removal percentage of Ag ions and adsorption capacity was accrued from 91.84 to 99.94% and from 25.89 to 52.771 mg/g with increasing pH from 3 to 8 respectively and the enthalpy of the adsorption process (ΔH) was 6996.36 j/mol. Furthermore the removal efficiency of Ag at the initial concentration was obtained at 99.7%, Therefore, it can be concluded that cheapness, and abundance and high sorption capacity are the main advantages of this adsorbent.
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The goal of this study was to check the climatological, hydrological, hydrogeological, topographical, and also vegetation cover situation of the wetland by using the google earth engine cloud system and calculation of current and future... more
The goal of this study was to check the climatological, hydrological, hydrogeological, topographical, and also vegetation cover situation of the wetland by using the google earth engine cloud system and calculation of current and future hydrological water balance of the wetland. For this purpose, data from TRMM, MODIS, Terra, LANDSAT, GRACE, and ALOS satellites were used. The results showed that GEE has a lot of potential and application for preparing time series and monitoring areas where little information is available about its past situation. According to the rainfall of 1.1333 mm 3 , surface runoff of 12.20 mm 3 , and evapotranspiration of 13.875 mm 3 in the wetland area, the water balance of the wetland is-0.452 mm 3. This amount indicates the volume of water that the wetland has based on climatic and hydrological relations. This amount will be equal to 1.4 mm 3 in 2040, which shows that the wetland condition will improve in the future.
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This study aimed to determine the performance of polyculture constructed wetlands compared with monocultures and to monitor plant type influence in treating wastewater. Four pilot scales were used and planted with three plant kinds... more
This study aimed to determine the performance of polyculture constructed wetlands compared with monocultures and to monitor plant type influence in treating wastewater. Four pilot scales were used and planted with three plant kinds (Phragmites Australis, Cyperus Papyrus, and Scirpus). Three of them were monoculture systems, and the last one was a polyculture system with all these plants. The filters had identical sizes and the same density. After seven days of retention time, results showed that the pH obtained was around neutral ranging from 6.91 to 7.32; the electrical conductivity increased significantly and it was between 4.47-5.47 mS/cm. Removal efficiencies of phosphate, ammonium, nitrite, and chemical oxygen demand were between 75.29-79.90%, 91.27-92.51 %, 83.33-86.32%, and 84.61-88.52%, respectively. Papyrus filter had the higher removal efficiencies in most of these parameters, and the polyculture system didn't increase the filter performance; however, the differences between these filters were not significant, except for the electrical conductivity.
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Pollution from industrial effluents is more diverse and complex than municipal wastewater due to the use of thousands of new chemical compounds in industry every year. Subsequent introduction of small quantities of these compounds into... more
Pollution from industrial effluents is more diverse and complex than municipal wastewater due to the use of thousands of new chemical compounds in industry every year. Subsequent introduction of small quantities of these compounds into water streams through industrial effluents has complicated water pollution problems and posed many challenges in removing contaminants from water. The purpose of the present study was to remove phenol contaminants from the effluent of
petrochemical wastewater treatment plants using advanced photochemical oxidation method (ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide/ozone) in a laboratory scale. The experiments were performed using UVC light, 30 % H2O2 as oxidizer and phenol (100 mg/L). The effective parameters studied in phenol removal included pH, H2O2 concentration, solution temperature and UVC irradiation time. The experimental results showed an increase in phenol removal efficiency with increasing H2O2 concentration up to 400 mg/L while decreasing with increasing oxidizer
concentration to 500 mg/L, thus suggesting a concentration of 400 mg/L as the optimal value. Using a flow rate of 200 mg/L of ozone for 80 min, by optimizing other conditions, increased the phenol removal efficiency by 98 %. The phenol removal efficiency was much higher at acidic conditions than at alkaline and neutral ones. The phenol content decreased significantly with increasing contact time. In other words, prolonged contact time increased the phenol removal efficiency in the tested
sample. The highest phenol removal efficiency (75.7 %) occurred at the pH value of 4 and the phenol removal efficiency in the sample decreased with increasing pH value. Prolonged contact time caused more phenol concentration to be removed from the test sample, so that 69.8 % of the phenol concentration in the sample was reduced. The results of this study showed that advanced oxidation reduced the phenol content in the analyzed sample. To conclude, the advanced oxidation methods can be useful in the process of treating petrochemical wastewater and effluent of units containing toxic aromatic compounds such as phenol.
petrochemical wastewater treatment plants using advanced photochemical oxidation method (ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide/ozone) in a laboratory scale. The experiments were performed using UVC light, 30 % H2O2 as oxidizer and phenol (100 mg/L). The effective parameters studied in phenol removal included pH, H2O2 concentration, solution temperature and UVC irradiation time. The experimental results showed an increase in phenol removal efficiency with increasing H2O2 concentration up to 400 mg/L while decreasing with increasing oxidizer
concentration to 500 mg/L, thus suggesting a concentration of 400 mg/L as the optimal value. Using a flow rate of 200 mg/L of ozone for 80 min, by optimizing other conditions, increased the phenol removal efficiency by 98 %. The phenol removal efficiency was much higher at acidic conditions than at alkaline and neutral ones. The phenol content decreased significantly with increasing contact time. In other words, prolonged contact time increased the phenol removal efficiency in the tested
sample. The highest phenol removal efficiency (75.7 %) occurred at the pH value of 4 and the phenol removal efficiency in the sample decreased with increasing pH value. Prolonged contact time caused more phenol concentration to be removed from the test sample, so that 69.8 % of the phenol concentration in the sample was reduced. The results of this study showed that advanced oxidation reduced the phenol content in the analyzed sample. To conclude, the advanced oxidation methods can be useful in the process of treating petrochemical wastewater and effluent of units containing toxic aromatic compounds such as phenol.
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Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) counted as the main factor for assessing the amount of water, needed for crops as well as for the planning of water resources management. Several techniques, methods, and equations have been used for... more
Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) counted as the main factor for assessing the amount of water, needed for crops as well as for the planning of water resources management. Several techniques, methods, and equations have been used for computing ETo. Thus, required weather data sets are the main challenge for evaluating this factor. FAO Penman-Monteith is the most popular technique to determine the ETo. The FAO 56-PM equation requires accurate weather data like air temperature, humidity, solar radiations, and wind speed. Unfortunately, not all these data are possible to reach easily on the station's side. Therefore, FAO 56 recommended another equation namely Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation when sufficient weather data may not be available to estimate ETo by FAO56-PM. In the context of this, this study aimed to estimate ETo using the HS equation. For this purpose, historical annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and wind data were collected from 1981 to 2020 using 'The Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER)' web portal. It is concluded that the HS method in conjunction with the POWER datasets and spatially mapping with IDW interpolation gave reliable and accurate results of ETo. This technique gives an idea of water losses in a district and demonstrates a trend of historical annual, seasonal, and monthly ETo.
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Water shortages and pollution are so severe that the last decade has been called the international decade for water. In water treatment plants, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove turbidity. This study examined the use of... more
Water shortages and pollution are so severe that the last decade has been called the international decade for water. In water treatment plants, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove turbidity. This study examined the use of natural coagulants and its efficiency compared with existing coagulants. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiments. Type of coagulant and coagulant aid, as well as pH, were considered important factors during experiments. Results of the tests indicate that pH has a significant impact on turbidity removal. The combination of chitosan and polyaluminum chlirode reduces water turbidity effectively. A combination of polyaluminum chlirode (7.6 mg/L) and chitosan (9.28 mg/L) at pH= 8.52 removed 99.85 % of the turbidity. Accordingly, the combined use of polyaluminum chlirode and chitosan reduced the amount of material and enhanced turbidity removal.
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In this paper, the flow in the vicinity of rectangular side orifices placed in main channels is estimated by means of the FLOW-3D model. To reconstruct the flow free surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) approach is utilized. In addition,... more
In this paper, the flow in the vicinity of rectangular side orifices placed in main channels is estimated by means of the FLOW-3D model. To reconstruct the flow free surface, the volume of fluid (VOF) approach is utilized. In addition, the standard k-ε and RNG k-ε turbulence models are employed to predict turbulence flow. According to the results obtained from the numerical modeling, the RNG k-ε turbulence model has higher accuracy than the standard k-ε. The analysis of the numerical modeling results proved that this model forecasts the discharge coefficient of side weirs with suitable accuracy. On the other hand, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) is calculated equal to 12.204%. Also, the maximum pressure is simulated near the main channel bed. Moreover, the minimum pressure is estimated near the flow free surface. Regarding the numerical simulations, the maximum turbulence energy state occurs near the inlet of the side orifice and by increasing the side orifice dimensions the flow field turbulence energy value increases.
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Widespread use of pesticides and herbicides, and the contamination in river, lake and sea waters have been become a major environmental concern in recent years. A common example of such herbicides is atrazine and its derivatives, which... more
Widespread use of pesticides and herbicides, and the contamination in river, lake and sea waters have been become a major environmental concern in recent years. A common example of such herbicides is atrazine and its derivatives, which have been widely used in recent years to control pests in agriculture and improve food production and meet the needs of the global population, which is increasing year by year. Most analytical methods are used to determine pesticides and herbicides in the environment which are usually highly reliable and sensitive, but they are often very complex and require advanced tools, and measurements should be performed directly in a lab. Atrazine electrochemical biosensors based on enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors, and aptasensors are reviewed in this study. For atrazine detection by enzymatic biosensors, tyrosinase commonly is used. Phenols and atrazine are the substrates and inhibitor of this enzyme, respectively. These enzymatic biosensors are based on sensing of decreasing current in the presence of atrazine. Immunosensors based on the analyte size generally categorized into two detection methods including competitive and noncompetitive that both of them were used for atrazine detection. The several aptamer sequences were used for atrazine aptasensing that could detect it in nano and picomolar concentrations.
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Zoning of flood hazards in a dam catchment plays an essential role in water resources planning and management. In the present study, nine lithogenic and anthropogenic parameters including slope, elevation, curve number, distance to river,... more
Zoning of flood hazards in a dam catchment plays an essential role in water resources planning and management. In the present study, nine lithogenic and anthropogenic parameters including slope, elevation, curve number, distance to river, rainfall, geology, soil texture, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land use are used to achieve a flood hazard map in downstream of Sabalan dam basin in Ardabil province, Iran. After categorizing the criteria, the layers were weighted by two multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods including analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and analytic network process (ANP). The results showed that among the factors affecting flood formation in the study basin by AHP method were the elevation and slope factors with the weights of 0.31 and 0.18 respectively, have the highest effect; however, curve number and distance to river factors with the weights of 0.04 and 0.02 have the lowest effect. Similarly, in the ANP method, the elevation and slope factors with the weights of 0.30 and 0.21 respectively, have the highest effect and the curve number and distance to river factors with the weights of 0.02 and 0.006 have the lowest impact on flood hazard potential in the study area. The results obtained in this study can be useful in achieving sustainable management of water resources.
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Reservoir sedimentation is a serious challenge in many regions of the world and has severe consequences for water management, flood control, and generation of energy. The purpose of this paper is providing a valuable source of information... more
Reservoir sedimentation is a serious challenge in many regions of the world and has severe consequences for water management, flood control, and generation of energy. The purpose of this paper is providing a valuable source of information on the reservoir sedimentation problem and reviewing the existing control strategies utilized globally against it. A wide range of sedimentation related problems were outlined. Different sediment management strategies were investigated with their main advantages and disadvantages. Special attention was devoted to the flushing technique as the most effective way of preserving the reservoirs' storage capacity. As the main novelty of this study, a series of innovative complementary methods to improve the efficiency of sediment removal during the flushing operation was introduced. Based on the analysis, each sediment management strategy may be advantageous under certain circumstances, and successful implementation of such strategies needs regular monitoring and comprehensive recognition of the effective factors. The use of initiative structural methods, including those cited in this article, although they improve the flushing efficiency, they may come with some limitations that should be considered in practice. It is strongly recommended that such structural methods be taken into account in the first phases of dams' design because they may influence the layout of dam structures. As conclusion, it was found that the progress is being made in successfully reducing and managing of sedimentation at reservoirs. New methods in combination with the flushing operation demonstrated significant performance in sediment removal from the reservoirs and restoring the corresponding storage. The study of this paper is recommended to interested researchers, dam owners, and water resources authorities.
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This research focused on improving the antifouling properties and rejection performance of polyetherimide (PEI) nanofiltration membrane by chemical surface modification (surface coating). The hydrophilicity of the PEI nanofiltration... more
This research focused on improving the antifouling properties and rejection performance of polyetherimide (PEI) nanofiltration membrane by chemical surface modification (surface coating). The hydrophilicity of the PEI nanofiltration membrane's surface was enhanced by anchoring guanidine on its surface which the used dosage of guanidine was considered as a variable (0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L of guanidine concentration). ATR-FTIR, SEM, AFM, and water contact angle were used to characterize the surface-modified membranes. Also, dry milk powder solution was considered as an organic foulant to assess antifouling features of the fabricated membranes. According to the obtained results, the surfacemodified membrane with 0.5 g/L of guanidine concentration was the optimal surface-modified membrane with pure water flux (PWF) and flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 11.6 kg/m 2 .h and 88.8%, respectively. Moreover, the capabilities of the optimal surface-modified membrane and the pristine membrane for rejecting AS 5+ and Hg 2+ in aqueous solution with concentrations of 20 ppm and 50 mg/L were compared. Based on the obtained results, the optimal surface-modified membrane rejected more than 98.5 % of AS 5+ and Hg 2+ solutions with 20 and 50 mg/L of metal ion concentrations.
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In this study, the performance of vertical and tilted crown weirs with different angles of the weir crest across the flow has been investigated using numerical and experimental models. Accordingly, various experiments are conducted on... more
In this study, the performance of vertical and tilted crown weirs with different angles of the weir crest across the flow has been investigated using numerical and experimental models. Accordingly, various experiments are conducted on tilted crown sharp-crested weirs under different free-flow conditions. Moreover, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling has been done using Fluent software to determine the best form of the discharge coefficient (Cd). In this study, the RNG model is used to define turbulence in the fluid flow and the two-phase volume of fluid (VOF) method is applied to define the interface of water-air in the flume. To verify the accuracy of the CFD model, the experimental data that was done in this research are used. Moreover, another goal of this research is to investigate the influence of the different angles of weir on hydraulic characteristics of flow such as pressure, velocity and Cd parameters. The results show that by increasing the weir crest angle across the flow (α), the Cd values are almost constant. Furthermore, the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental models. As, the comparison of numerical and experimental data shows that the maximum absolute relative error (ARE) obtained are 2.8 %, which indicates the high accuracy of the CFD model. The vortex area with return velocity vectors can be seen in downstream of the weir and these vectors increase near the weir. In all velocity values, by decreasing the angle of weir to the flow direction, the Cd values increased and tends to a constant value while, the pressure values decreased. As for the velocity values in ranges of 0.05-0.23 m/s, the Cd value is ranged in 0.64-0.675. Finally, as the Reynolds and Froude number increase, the discharge coefficient decreases and tends to a constant number of 0.65 approximately.
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The use of ultrasound is one of the most studied methods in treatment of water and wastewater. This study was going to remove pollutants from the supernatant of excess sludge by using of ultrasound. Initial raw supernatant with COD equal... more
The use of ultrasound is one of the most studied methods in treatment of water and wastewater. This study was going to remove pollutants from the supernatant of excess sludge by using of ultrasound. Initial raw supernatant with COD equal to 1600 mg/L and phosphorous equal to 80 mg/L was exposed to ultrasound. The experimental design was used to determine the experiments with variables including time (1.5-9.5 h), ultrasonic power (40-360 w), and the volume of sample (20-180 mL). COD and phosphorous were the responses, those were investigated in this research. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a model for COD and phosphorous removal was obtained with a 95 % confidence interval. The optimized removal of COD (97.39 %) and phosphorous (98.73 %) was observed. According to the results, ultrasonic waves is a good way to remove COD and phosphorus from sludge. This method can be used in wastewater treatment plants for treatment of supernatant of excess sludge.
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Advanced water treatment methods are needed for good quality of lake water. In this study, the hybrid membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) system was investigated to treat Ambazari lake water. The performance of the hybrid... more
Advanced water treatment methods are needed for good quality of lake water. In this study, the hybrid membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) system was investigated to treat Ambazari lake water. The performance of the hybrid system was checked as removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and permeate flow rate (PFR). All parameters in the hybrid MBR-NF system were operated batchwise for 5 h. The COD and BOD removal efficiencies were observed to be 95.67 % and 94.64 %, respectively. TDS removal efficiency was obtained to be 92.33%. The highest TSS removal efficiency was reported to be 36.0 % for airflow rates of 1.0 L/min. The pH variation at different airflow rates was found to be significantly low. Hence, from above information, we conclude that this hybrid system treated Ambazari lake water successfully. The treated water had high quality as good as potable water.
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In this study, an optimized composite of expanded graphite /g-C3N4 /phenylenediamine was synthesized and characterized by SEM, FESEM, EDS, XRD, and BET methods.The composite was prepared with an optimized combination using response... more
In this study, an optimized composite of expanded graphite /g-C3N4 /phenylenediamine was synthesized and characterized by SEM, FESEM, EDS, XRD, and BET methods.The composite was prepared with an optimized combination using response surface methodology (RSM) as a proper adsorbent for eliminating heavy metals from water samples. The evaluation of the final adsorbent was accomplished by removing metal ions like Pb2+ and Cd2+. Under the optimum adsorption conditions for Pb2+ and Cd2+ (pH:5, adsorbent dosage:2 g/L, and Time:60 min), elimination efficiencies were 78.4% for Cd2+ and 71.35% for Pb2+. pH was the most important factor that influenced the adsorption rate. A short contact time for maximum removal efficiency was reported because of the porous structure of the constructed composite. As a result of the absorptive construction, the equilibrium showed a satisfactory agreement with the Freundlich model. The kinetic evaluations showed that the adsorption process of both heavy metals fitted the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, the results of thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. A series of regeneration experiments (5 cycles) was directed to evaluate the adsorbent reusability. The results presented that it was a suitable adsorbent for heavy metal uptake from aquatic solutions.
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In this study, the polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were established by surface modification using C, N codoped-TiO2/WO3 (LTW) photocatalytic nanocomposite to amelioration of the membrane performance in terms of antifouling and... more
In this study, the polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were established by surface modification using C, N codoped-TiO2/WO3 (LTW) photocatalytic nanocomposite to amelioration of the membrane performance in terms of antifouling and self-cleaning properties. The nanocomposite membranes were characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM, AFM, and water contact angle (WCA). The photocatalytic membranes' performance was evaluated using assessment of the pure water flux (PWF), antifouling behavior, photoactivity, and long-term filtration. The membrane modification improved morphology and hydrophilicity of the membranes surface, contributing to the enhanced permeability (PWF of 49.65 kg/m 2 .h), and substantial antifouling property (FRR of 96.96 %) as well as photoactivity (94.36 % dye removal) of the optimal photocatalytic membrane (M3 membrane). The long-term filtration of the optimal membrane represented its high performance and noteworthy antifouling resistance.
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Due to the quality of the water entering the water purifiers, sometimes the amount of solutes and hardness in the water is so high that after a short time, these systems become clogged or full. To solve this problem. Several methods have... more
Due to the quality of the water entering the water purifiers, sometimes the amount of solutes and hardness in the water is so high that after a short time, these systems become clogged or full. To solve this problem. Several methods have been proposed in this study, acid injection and its effect on reverse osmosis system by wave software have been investigated. To ensure the condition and accuracy of the incoming water, the necessary tests were performed through the laboratory and the condition of the water and the number of ions and its salts were reported. By injecting acid into the inlet water, the pH value was reduced from 7.58, which is the normal pH of the water, to 5 by micrograph in 0.2 intervals, and after examination, the following results were obtained: With decreasing pH, the LSI number has a suitable decrease, so that at pH 6.1 and lower, the LSI number is negative and this indicates the lack of premature fouling. However, with this reduction, the acidic property of the treated water increases and the possibility of chemical corrosion of the industrial equipment used increases, on the other hand, by injecting acid and lowering the pH, the amount of TDS increased, which should be tried in different ways to minimize this amount. In comparison between injections of two acids performed under the same conditions, the amount of TDS at the time of H2SO4 injection at the pH limit was 10% less than the time of HCl injection.
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In this paper, the ANFIS network was optimized using three algorithms comprising the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm (FFA), and Genetic algorithm (GA) for the first time. To ameliorate the ability of the numerical... more
In this paper, the ANFIS network was optimized using three algorithms comprising the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm (FFA), and Genetic algorithm (GA) for the first time. To ameliorate the ability of the numerical models, the Monte Carlo simulations were utilized. Moreover, in order to assess the simulation outcomes, the k-fold cross validation technique was implemented. Initially, using all inputs, five different parameters were used for producing the ANFIS, ANFIS-GA, ANFIS-PSO, and ANFIS-FFA methods. After that, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulated the discharge coefficient (DC) and the outcome of all simulations were compared. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the ANFIS-FFA model approximates the DC with higher precision. For instance, the amount of the coefficient of determination and the scatter index were surmised as 0.961 and 0.039. Also, the side weir height ratio to the upstream depth (P/y1) was detected as the most influential parameter. About 85% of the DC simulated by the ANFIS-FFA model had an inaccuracy of less than 5%. The performed uncertainty analysis proved that the best model possesses an underestimated efficiency. For this model, the influence of the inputs were analyzed in a ±10% range. Finally, a computational code was presented for the simulation of DC by hydraulic and environmental engineers.
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Drinking water is one of the main factors for health maintenance and sustainable development of communities and its quantity and quality are so important. The aim of present study is random sampling of drinking water in 30 regions of... more
Drinking water is one of the main factors for health maintenance and sustainable development of communities and its quantity and quality are so important. The aim of present study is random sampling of drinking water in 30 regions of Tehran city during 2 months in summer of 2020 to determine physicochemical attributes, microbial quantity and heavy metal levels according to national standard guidelines. Tests such as pH, alkalinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, chloride, nitrite level, total and thermotolerant coliforms, and also heavy metals (arsenic, copper, zinc and lead), were performed in three replications. The pH (6.50 to 7.81), turbidity (0.011 to 2.983 NUT), chloride level (240.42 to 321.34 mg/L) and nitrate value (7.21 to 20.04 mg/L) were in allowable ranges. The phenolphthalein alkalinity was not found and methyl orange alkalinity was detected in the range of 31.54 to 147.22 (mg/L) in samples. The electrical conductivity (1401.7 to 1972.1 µs/cm) and thermotolerant coliforms were found higher than allowable range in some samples. The range of heavy metals was represented by following trend in Tehran: arsenic (0.85 to 15.90 µg/L), cooper (0.04 to 3.38 mg/L), zinc (0.16 to 3.80 mg/L), lead (0.001 to 0.031 mg/L) and some ranges were not within the national standard guidelines. The present study illustrated that quality of drinking water was in line with World Health Organization, while microbial quantity, electrical conductivity and some impurities (Cu and Pb) were higher than standard in some regions, so more arrangements should consider for increasing of drinking water quality in Tehran.
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To analyze transient flows, continuity and momentum equations must be solved. Due to the non-linear friction term in the momentum equation, numerical methods such as method of characteristics (MOC) are used to analyze the problem in the... more
To analyze transient flows, continuity and momentum equations must be solved. Due to the non-linear friction term in the momentum equation, numerical methods such as method of characteristics (MOC) are used to analyze the problem in the time domain. Although numerical methods are easy to use, but they are numerically expensive and time-consuming, especially for advanced applications of transient analysis, e.g., real-time evaluations and fault detection algorithms, including inverse problem solutions. To cope with mentioned problems, an approximate analytical solution should be investigated, which is not required high computational time. To this end, the nonlinear equations should be linearized. Thus, the focus of this paper is to investigate the linearization methods. Therefore, four different linearization methods are applied and the resulting equations of each method in different RPV systems are solved. The efficiency of each method is compared with the results obtained from the numerical analysis of nonlinear governing equations. The results show that linearized water hammer equations provide reasonable results in early pressure wave cycles. The obtained results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of the linearized models changes from 0.92 to 0.99. Also, by comparing the results of linearization models with each other, the linearized momentum equation in the time domain by replacing the mean velocity instead of the instantaneous velocity is the most accurate model which R2 is 0.999452.
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Corrosion control is an important parameter to supply safe drinking water considered by the World Health Organization. This study is intended to determine the scaling and corrosion potentials of drinking water in rural distribution... more
Corrosion control is an important parameter to supply safe drinking water considered by the World Health Organization. This study is intended to determine the scaling and corrosion potentials of drinking water in rural distribution networks during 2009-2017 in different climate zones of Kermanshah province, Iran. The most commonly used corrosion indices, Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), aggressive index (AI), and Larson–Skold index (L-SI), were calculated. Statistical analysis was executed to examine the significant differences in water corrosion and scaling indices between different climate zones. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in water chemical characteristics related to corrosion and scaling potentials between different climate zones (except temperature). Statistical analysis also indicated significant differences in water corrosion and scaling indices (P <0.001) between different climate zones. The lowest average amounts of LSI (0.06), AI (12.13), and L-SI (0.06), and the highest values of RSI (7.44) and PSI (7.11) were observed in moderate humid climate zone. Also, the highest values for LSI (0.39), and L-SI (0.15) were related to warm semi-arid climate zone. Based on water characteristics in various climate zones, LSI and RSI were chosen as good indices for corrosion or scaling of water corrosion potential in different climate zones. The results indicated that there is a weak tendency towards corrosion for warm semi-dry climate zones in contrast to the other climate zones that have higher corrosion potentials for Kermanshah Province under the conditions of this study, or maybe related to local water quality characteristics among climate zones.
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The paper narrates a study of a numerical model taken into consideration to explore the overall hydraulic performance of Constructed wetland located at NUST H-12 Campus, Islamabad. The governing equations of flow in wetland ponds and the... more
The paper narrates a study of a numerical model taken into consideration to explore the overall hydraulic performance of Constructed wetland located at NUST H-12 Campus, Islamabad. The governing equations of flow in wetland ponds and the transport particle were solved using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. In this study, the simulation of the model is done to find the dead spaces and short-circuiting in the wetland along with providing remedial measures to reduce the dead spaces. The comparison of two turbulent models i.e. K-ω and K-ε were also made to depict the velocity of wetland and the particle tracer study was also conducted to find the behavior of wetland. The model was simulated with experimental data and the results revealed that 15% to 20% area of wetland is experiencing short-circuiting. Alternative wetland designs were suggested for the same flow condition. The K-ω model was considered to be more suitable due to the limitation of K-ε model.
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Herbicides such as 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) are generally carcinogenic and their existence in water cause many problems. In this work, Fe3O4/FexCuyWzOt core/shell magnetic photocatalyst was used to remove 2, 4-D. The... more
Herbicides such as 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) are generally carcinogenic and their existence in water cause many problems. In this work, Fe3O4/FexCuyWzOt core/shell magnetic photocatalyst was used to remove 2, 4-D. The statistical analysis of the results of the Box-Behnken experimental design method revealed that among the constituents of the photocatalyst shell, iron had the highest effect on 2, 4-D photodegradation. The photocatalyst composition was optimized using the response surface method. The photocatalyst formulation was determined using ICP method: Fe3O4/Fe0.874Cu0.349W0.004O1.525. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Fe3O4, CuO, and WO3 in the photocatalyst shell. TEM images showed the photocatalyst core/shell structure. Fe3O4/Fe0.874Cu0.349W0.004O1.525 photodegraded 2, 4-D under ultraviolet light irradiation with the maximum yield of 90%. The photocatalyst was also active under sunlight and LED. The kinetics of the 2, 4-D photodegradation reaction under ultra violet light irradiation was studied. It followed first order kinetic model. The rate constant of the reaction was 0.0118 min-1. The photocatalyst activity of Fe3O4/Fe0.874Cu0.349W0.004O1.525 remained constant after the fourth cycle of reuse, which is the good advantage.
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In this study, the effect of antibiotic wastewater containing 20 common pharmaceuticals (14 antibiotics and 6 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) individually as well as their combination was investigated on activated sludge... more
In this study, the effect of antibiotic wastewater containing 20 common
pharmaceuticals (14 antibiotics and 6 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) individually as well as their combination was investigated on activated sludge in batch reactors. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), the ammonium concentration, the inhibition rate and toxicity index of COD and ammonium were investigated in wastewater. The inhabitation for COD and ammonium removal was variable for each drug so that the pharmaceuticals are applied simultaneously had such a greater adverse effect on inhibition rate than individual compounds. The pretreatment of wastewaters containing drugs was performed by powdered activated
carbon PAC to reduce the adverse effect of these drugs on activated sludge. The appropriate method for separation of PAC from wastewater before introducing to activated sludge process and the optimized adsorption and contact time during the pretreatment process were studied. The pretreatment of pharmaceuticals wastewater with activated carbon improved well COD and NH4+ removal to 71 % and 55 %, respectively, that demonstrate the activated carbon can be considered as a suitable pretreatment option for the activated sludge.
pharmaceuticals (14 antibiotics and 6 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) individually as well as their combination was investigated on activated sludge in batch reactors. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), the ammonium concentration, the inhibition rate and toxicity index of COD and ammonium were investigated in wastewater. The inhabitation for COD and ammonium removal was variable for each drug so that the pharmaceuticals are applied simultaneously had such a greater adverse effect on inhibition rate than individual compounds. The pretreatment of wastewaters containing drugs was performed by powdered activated
carbon PAC to reduce the adverse effect of these drugs on activated sludge. The appropriate method for separation of PAC from wastewater before introducing to activated sludge process and the optimized adsorption and contact time during the pretreatment process were studied. The pretreatment of pharmaceuticals wastewater with activated carbon improved well COD and NH4+ removal to 71 % and 55 %, respectively, that demonstrate the activated carbon can be considered as a suitable pretreatment option for the activated sludge.
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This study evaluated the impact of heavy metal contents in vegetables grown in a palm oil mill effluents (POME) irrigated farmland on the biomes and well-being of humans that consume the vegetables. In this study, POME, a soil sample from... more
This study evaluated the impact of heavy metal contents in vegetables grown in a palm oil mill effluents (POME) irrigated farmland on the biomes and well-being of humans that consume the vegetables. In this study, POME, a soil sample from POME irrigated farmland, and selected vegetables were evaluated. The results showed high cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni),) and arsenic (As) and lower zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in POME relative to their respective permissible limits. The soil irrigated with POME had elevated levels of metals, comparable to the control soil, whereas vegetable growing in POME irrigated farmland contained increased amounts of most of the heavy metals above their respective permissible levels in edible vegetables. The plant concentration factors (PCF) of heavy metals detected in the vegetables were less than one except for V. amygdalina with PCF>1 for cobalt. The pollution load index of Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, and As in the POME soil were above 50, while high enrichment factors were obtained for Cd, Cr, Pd, Co, and arsenic. The geoaccumulation index indicated that the POME soil was strongly contaminated by Zn, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and extremely contaminated with Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Co. The metals levels ingested daily from the vegetables were low, comparable to their respective oral reference doses except for Mn in V. amygdalina and As in most of the vegetables. There was a high target hazard quotient for Mn, and As in most of the vegetables with hazard index (H.I.) >1 in each of the vegetables and increased cancer risk for Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and As toxicity coupled with very high total cancer risks. These findings show that irrigation of farmlands with POME raises the heavy metal levels in vegetables and the risk of heavy metal toxicity.
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Although during the last two decades many studies have proved the effectiveness of the reverse osmosis system and this system has been used as a suitable and efficient method to treat drinking and industrial water and to desalinate the... more
Although during the last two decades many studies have proved the effectiveness of the reverse osmosis system and this system has been used as a suitable and efficient method to treat drinking and industrial water and to desalinate the seawater, salt water, as well as sewage, it has some shortcomings, including sensitivity to ions, microorganisms, and organic matter in feed water causing problems such as scaling, fouling, as well as biofouling. Acidification of the permeate and its low pH are also other drawbacks of this system. This study is designed based on a two-pass reverse osmosis system, and each pass includes two stages (to provide higher system recovery). Moreover, ion exchange resin and AMBERPACK tank are used as pre-treatments considering the common problems of reverse osmosis system. Such fouling has been done to provide the required quality. It should be noted that by using the exchange resin system instead of the acid injection system, the TDS rate changed from 3.15 to 1.27 mg/L, which is equivalent to 59.68 % improvement, the LSI parameter, which in previous cases indicated severe fouling, ideally changed to-1.35 and-2.01. Also, the working pressure decreased from 13.7 bar to 12.5 bar, which indicates an 8.76 % improvement in working conditions.
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The objective of this work was to model and optimize the degradation of black azo dye Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) by the Fenton process (advanced oxidation) using a minimum of experiments. A Plackett-Burman screening design was first... more
The objective of this work was to model and optimize the degradation of black azo dye Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) by the Fenton process (advanced oxidation) using a minimum of experiments. A Plackett-Burman screening design was first applied to determine the main factors influencing the process. The dye discoloration efficiency gave a yield approximately equal to 97 % in the best conditions of several operating parameters used. The variance analysis (ANOVA) showed the effects of all different factors and deduced the most important ones. Subsequently, a second quadratic design of experiments central composite type (CCD) was applied using the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize
the most important parameters deduced by the first design cited above, in order to obtain the best performance of the discoloration of NBB with this process. So from the contour plots and the response surfaces, the discoloration yield enhanced to the maximum and the optimization plot given by the Mnitab software, showed the following optimized parameters [NBB]=37.5 mg/L, [H2O2]=66.5 mg/L, [Iron]=3.5 mg/L and pH=3.4 for a yield of 100 % with a desirability of 1.0000. At last, to confirm that the discoloration was due to the degradation of the dye, the chemical
oxygen demand (COD) was studied and in the optimized conditions, the
degradation reached 94.78 % after 120 min of treatment. The kinetics of the dye degradation showed by the COD abatement was relatively slow compared to the kinetics of the dye discoloration.
the most important parameters deduced by the first design cited above, in order to obtain the best performance of the discoloration of NBB with this process. So from the contour plots and the response surfaces, the discoloration yield enhanced to the maximum and the optimization plot given by the Mnitab software, showed the following optimized parameters [NBB]=37.5 mg/L, [H2O2]=66.5 mg/L, [Iron]=3.5 mg/L and pH=3.4 for a yield of 100 % with a desirability of 1.0000. At last, to confirm that the discoloration was due to the degradation of the dye, the chemical
oxygen demand (COD) was studied and in the optimized conditions, the
degradation reached 94.78 % after 120 min of treatment. The kinetics of the dye degradation showed by the COD abatement was relatively slow compared to the kinetics of the dye discoloration.
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Consumption and drinking of healthy and high-quality water is considered an important matter in human life, so monitoring of drinking water pollution including radioactive contamination and assessing the amount of radiation exposure of... more
Consumption and drinking of healthy and high-quality water is considered an important matter in human life, so monitoring of drinking water pollution including radioactive contamination and assessing the amount of radiation exposure of people through water consumption is very important. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the concentration of gross beta and alpha activities in water samples collected from Tehran water sources. In the present study, the gross beta and alpha activity concentrations of 35 water samples in Tehran were analyzed and measured to evaluate their radiological quality using liquid scintillation method. The results of the analysis showed the activity concentration of gross alpha ranges from 48 mBq/L to 227 mBq/L with a mean of 137.5 mBq/L. the activity concentration of gross beta in the samples ranged from 49 mBq/L to 328 mBq/L with a mean of 184.7 mBq/L. Also, the correlation coefficient between the results were very strong and equal to 0.87. The results showed that the gross beta and alpha activity concentrations in all waters was lower than the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, which is 500 mBq/L and 1000 mBq/L, respectively and also waters are radiologically healthy.
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Water is one of the most important resources on earth. However, due to the drought crisis in Iran and the need to save water and study the determinants, this study was conducted to predict environmental behavior by relying on water... more
Water is one of the most important resources on earth. However, due to the drought crisis in Iran and the need to save water and study the determinants, this study was conducted to predict environmental behavior by relying on water consumption behavior based on environmental awareness, attitude, and concern. The research is a survey in which 865 citizens of Kermanshah City answered the research questionnaires by cluster sampling. The data was analyzed by statistical methods using SPSS software. The results showed that the variables of environmental knowledge (31 %), environmental concern (34 %), and environmental attitude (54 %) have the ability to predict the environmental behavior of water consumption. Therefore, people with higher knowledge, concerns and environmental attitudes are more diligent in saving water. According to the results of this study, explaining environmental behavior using three variables of environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, and environmental concern can be suggested to implementers and policymakers for use in developing interventions and educational campaigns and raising people's environmental awareness and knowledge. Also, these results can increase the paying attention to their environmental attitudes toward water consumption, can demonstrate that water conservation is realistic and practicable for people, and can convince them that they can engage in conservation-related behaviors. These results have the potential to raise people's awareness of their environmental attitudes about water consumption, illustrate that water conservation is feasible and achievable for them, and persuade them that they can engage in conservation-related actions.
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The present study investigates the effect of treated wastewater and sludge on some vegetative characteristics of the Nitraria schoberi plant. This study was conducted in a randomized block template using several treatments include five... more
The present study investigates the effect of treated wastewater and sludge on some vegetative characteristics of the Nitraria schoberi plant. This study was conducted in a randomized block template using several treatments include five levels of irrigation with wastewater (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 %), two types of soil (arable land and desert soil of Meighan desert area), and two levels of sludge (presence and absence of sludge) with 6 repetitions for each treatment. SPSS software was used to perform the statistical analysis of plant morphological characteristics. The results showed that the highest increase in height, collar diameter, and the crown cover was observed when a wastewater level of 100 % was applied in the catchment basin soil of the Meighan desert at both presence and absence treatment of sludge. However, the same characteristics of Nitraria schoberi plant for cropland soils in the present treatment of sludge were at wastewater level of 100 % and in the absence treatment of sludge for plant height, collar diameter and crown cover diameter were at wastewater level of 50 %, 100 %, and 75 %, respectively. According to the results, different levels of wastewater have a significant impact on Nitraria schoberi plant height and crown cover diameter (P<0.01(. But different treatments did not show a significant difference in the collar diameter of the Nitraria schoberi plant. We can conclude that the use of wastewater should have a favorable effect on plants and soils of the desert area and should protect soil and water resources, but the environmental impact of treatments should be examined.
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The use of a proper leak detection system in pipelines is of crucial importance in water transmission systems. In these methods, we should consider the time and accuracy of leak detecting procedure for preventing energy loss and reducing... more
The use of a proper leak detection system in pipelines is of crucial importance in water transmission systems. In these methods, we should consider the time and accuracy of leak detecting procedure for preventing energy loss and reducing environmental impacts. In these days, seawater transmission lines are used for cooling systems, and for injecting water into the oil wells to improve oil recovery. Due to the more environmental impacts of saltwater, the leak detection system must have appropriate accuracy and speed in leak detection. The purpose of this paper is to choose a leak detection system for a saltwater transmission line. First of all, the specifications of different leak detection systems are provided. Finally, according to the mentioned project conditions, the most suitable method-fiber optic system-is recommended for these conditions. The most important advantages of this system are high accuracy, rapid leak detecting, and the ability of online monitoring of other parameters, such as temperature distribution or detecting intrusion into the buried line areas. These abilities result in improving safety and optimizing operating costs.
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In this research, the performance of support vector machine in predicting relative energy dissipation in non-prismatic channel and rough bed with trapezoidal elements has been investigated. To achieve the objectives of the present... more
In this research, the performance of support vector machine in predicting relative
energy dissipation in non-prismatic channel and rough bed with trapezoidal
elements has been investigated. To achieve the objectives of the present study,
136 series of laboratory data are analyzed under the same laboratory conditions
using a support vector machine. The present study entered the support vector
machine network without dimension in two different scenarios with a height of 1.50
and 3.0 cm rough elements. Two statistical criteria of Root Mean Square Error and
coefficient of determination are used to evaluate the efficiency of input compounds.
Hydraulically, the results show that at both heights of the rough elements, energy
dissipation increased with increasing Froude number. The results of the support
vector machine show that the height of the roughness element is 1.50 cm in the
first scenario, combination number 6 with R2 = 0.990 and RMSE = 0.0129 for
training mode and R2 = 0.993 and RMSE = 0.032 for testing mode and the height
of the roughness element 3.0 in the second scenario, combination number 6 with
R2 = 0.989 and RMSE = 0.0112 for training mode, R2 = 0.994 and RMSE = 0.0224
for testing mode are select as the best models. Finally, sensitivity analysis is
performed on the parameters and H / y1 parameter is selected as the most effective
parameter.
energy dissipation in non-prismatic channel and rough bed with trapezoidal
elements has been investigated. To achieve the objectives of the present study,
136 series of laboratory data are analyzed under the same laboratory conditions
using a support vector machine. The present study entered the support vector
machine network without dimension in two different scenarios with a height of 1.50
and 3.0 cm rough elements. Two statistical criteria of Root Mean Square Error and
coefficient of determination are used to evaluate the efficiency of input compounds.
Hydraulically, the results show that at both heights of the rough elements, energy
dissipation increased with increasing Froude number. The results of the support
vector machine show that the height of the roughness element is 1.50 cm in the
first scenario, combination number 6 with R2 = 0.990 and RMSE = 0.0129 for
training mode and R2 = 0.993 and RMSE = 0.032 for testing mode and the height
of the roughness element 3.0 in the second scenario, combination number 6 with
R2 = 0.989 and RMSE = 0.0112 for training mode, R2 = 0.994 and RMSE = 0.0224
for testing mode are select as the best models. Finally, sensitivity analysis is
performed on the parameters and H / y1 parameter is selected as the most effective
parameter.
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Surface water quality is of particular importance due to its drinking, industrial, and agricultural water sources. Changes in rainfall, temperature and river discharge can affect surface water quality. In this study, the effect of... more
Surface water quality is of particular importance due to its drinking, industrial, and agricultural water sources. Changes in rainfall, temperature and river discharge can affect surface water quality. In this study, the effect of CANESM2, FIO, GFDL, MIROC climate models and weight composition model of CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) under representative concentration pathways (RCP) of 4.5, 6, 8.5 scenarios on rainfall and temperature were investigated and then monthly discharge of the Aran river in Iran during 2020-2052 and 2053-2085 is predicted using the IHACRES runoff model. Next, the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory network)-RNN (Recurrent Neural Networks) model were used to predict the total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) for the period 2020-2030. The results showed that the long-term monthly rainfall under the RCP8.5 scenario reported a further decrease compared to the RCP4.5 and RCP6, and the rainfall fluctuations were higher than the other two scenarios. Temperature changes in the second period are higher than the first period, so that in the first period under the scenarios of RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 showed respectively 1, 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius increase, while in the second period, 2, 3 and 4 degrees Celsius is predicted. The average discharge shows by 15.8 % and 20.97 % respectively decrease under the RCP4.5 scenario in the first and second periods, while by 8.51 % and 27.55 % under the RCP6 scenario and 6.38 % and 39.89 % under the RCP8.5 scenario compared to the observed discharge. The mean, maximum, and minimum TDS parameters under RCP4.5 scenario are, respectively, 295, 410, and 263, and 302, 410, and 257 under RCP6 scenario while 292, 410, and 257 mg, for RCP8.5 scenario. These changes are, respectively, 0.42, 0.93 and 0.14 for the SAR parameter in RCP4.5 scenario, and equal to 0.44, 0.94 and 0.1 in scenario 6, while 0.42, 0.93 and 0.15, respectively, for RCP8.5 scenario in Khorramrood river.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the coagulation-flocculation process in the clarification of leachate from the landfill Technical Center of Souk-Ahras city using three coagulants based on iron: ferrous sulfate FeSO4.7H2O;... more
The objective of this study was to evaluate the coagulation-flocculation process in the clarification of leachate from the landfill Technical Center of Souk-Ahras city using three coagulants based on iron: ferrous sulfate FeSO4.7H2O; ferrous chloride FeCl2.4H2O and ferric chloride FeCl3. The influence of some parameters namely pH leachate, dose and nature of coagulant and nature of flocculant was studied. The best treatment efficiency was obtained at 20 % of FeCl3 giving a turbidity of 4.09 NTU with pH adjustment of the raw leachate at acidic pH (3.5 ± 0.2) before coagulant addition and at a basic pH (7.5 ± 0.2) after addition of coagulant. The iron valence and the nature of anion at which is linked, played a determinant role in the clarification of leachate. The treatments made with ferric chloride in the presence of a flocculant have proved that the starch was more efficient than lime giving abatement rates of 99 % for COD and 85 % for BOD5.
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The purpose of this study was numerical and experimental investigations on the influence of ultrasound on Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon nanoparticles. The effect of key factors on Cr (VI)... more
The purpose of this study was numerical and experimental investigations on the influence of ultrasound on Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon nanoparticles. The effect of key factors on Cr (VI) elimination like media pH, absorbent mass, initial concentration of Cr (VI) and the location of ultrasound transducers were considered. To perform CFD modeling of ultrasound propagation, the vibrations of 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) were defined based on the dynamic mesh model. The experimental results indicated that by pH raising from 2 to 8, Cr (VI) removal efficiency had a decreasing trend and at pH=8, it had the lowest value. The adsorption rate increased by augmentation in the adsorbent mass (AM) due to the enhancing its specific surface area. In comparison with using a shaker, ultrasound showed lower needed contact time for Cr (VI) elimination at identical conditions. In addition, CFD results depicted that the acoustic streams were induced in the direction of ultrasound propagation, which is caused to reach the better mixing and Cr (VI) removal efficiency. Finally, the experimental data were adopted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The comparison of these models showed that both models were well suited to experimental findings and the data compatibility with Langmuir model was greater.